(PT) Manipuladores Telescópicos
(NL) Verreikers
Showing posts with label lift equipment. Show all posts
Showing posts with label lift equipment. Show all posts
Telehandlers / Manipuladores telescópicos / Verreikers
(EN) Telescopic handlers - Telehandlers
(PT) Manipuladores Telescópicos
(NL) Verreikers
(PT) Manipuladores Telescópicos
(NL) Verreikers
GLOSSARY OF LIFT- AND HOISTING TERMS, CRANE RELATED TERMINOLOGY
GLOSSARY OF LIFT- AND HOISTING TERMS, CRANE RELATED TERMINOLOGY
A
Abnormal Operating Conditions
Environmental conditions that are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to or for the operation of a crane, such as excessively high or low ambient temperatures, exposure to adverse weather, corrosive fumes, dust-laden or moisture-laden atmospheres, and hazardous locations.
Access Platform
A limited length platform, located on the idler girder to access to the endtruck wheels only.
Adjustable or Variable Voltage
A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the motor supply voltage can be adjusted.
Aerial crane
or 'Sky cranes' usually are helicopters designed to lift large loads. Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that are more difficult to reach by a conventional crane. Helicopter cranes are most commonly used to lift units/loads onto shopping centers, multi-story buildings, highrises, etc. However, they can lift basically anything within their lifting capacity, (i.e. cars, boats, swimming pools, etc.). They also work as disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and during wild-fires they are able to carry huge buckets of water over fires to put them out.
All Terrain Crane
A mobile crane which has the necessary equipment to travel with high speed on public roads/highways and on the job site in rough terrain with all wheel and crab steering. AT‘s combine the roadability of Truck-mounted Crane and the manoeuvrability of a Rough Terrain Crane.
Ambient Temperature
The temperature of the atmosphere surrounding the hoist.
Ampacity
The current carrying capacity expressed in amperes.
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute.
Appointed
Assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.
Attachment point
Designed lifting point that is part of a load
Auxiliary Hoist
A supplemental hoisting unit of lighter capacity and usually higher speed than provided for the main hoist.
Automatic Crane
A crane which when activated operates through a preset cycle or cycles.
Auxiliary Girder (outrigger)
An additional girder, either solid or latticed arranged parallel to the bridge girder(s) for supporting the foot-walk, Bridge Crane Control panels, operator’s cab, etc., to reduce the torsional forces such loads might otherwise impose.
Axle, Fixed
A shaft which is fixed in the end truck and about which the wheel revolves.
Axle, Rotating
A shaft which is fixed in the wheel and which rotates on bearings fixed in the end truck.
B
B-10 Bearing Life
The B-1O bearing life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum expected life, in hours, of 9O~7o of a group of bearings which are operated at a given speed and loading.
Bearing Life
The L-10 life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum expected life, hours, of 90 percent of a group of bearings which are operating-at a given speed and loading. The average expected life of the bearings is approximately five times the L-10 life.
Bearing, Lifetime Lubricated
An antifriction bearing which is provided with seals and a high-stability oxidation-resistant grease to permit operation of the bearing without re-lubrication for not less than the specified B-10 life.
Block, Load
The assembly of hook, swivel, bearings, sheaves, pins and frame suspended from the hoisting ropes. In a “short type” block, the hook and the sheaves are mounted on the same member, called the swivel. In a “long type” block, the hook and the sheaves are mounted on separate members. (The supporting member for the sheaves is called the sheave pin and the supporting member for the hook is called the trunnion.)
Block, Upper
A fixed assembly of sheaves, bearings, pins and frame, located on the trolley cross members, and which supports the load block and its load by means of the ropes.
Bogie
A short end truck attached to the end of one girder (or to a connecting member if more than one bogie is used per girder). This type of end truck is used when more than four wheels are required on a crane due to the design of the runway.
Boom (of gantry cranes)
An extension of the trolley runway that may be raised or retracted to obtain clearance for gantry travel.
Boom (of overhead cranes)
A horizontal member mounted on the trolley to permit hoisting and lowering the load at a point other than directly under the hoist, drum, or trolley.
Brake
A device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.
Branch Circuit
The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
Breaking Strength/Ultimate Strength:
Do not use breaking strength as a criterion for service of design purposes. Refer to the Working Load Limit instead.
Breaking Strength is the average force at which the product, in the condition it would leave the factory, has been found by representative testing to break, when a constantly increasing force is applied in direct line to the product at a uniform rate of speed on a standard pull testing machine. Proof testing to twice the Working Load Limit does NOT apply to hand-splice slings.
Remember: Breaking Strengths, when published, were obtained under controlled laboratory conditions. Listing of the Breaking Strength does not mean the Working Load Limit should ever be exceeded.
Bridge
The part of a crane consisting of girders, trucks, end ties, footwalks, and drive mechanism which carries the trolley or trolleys.
Bridge Conductors
The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.
Bridge Girder (crane girder)
The principal horizontal beams of the crane, on which carriers or trolleys travel, is supported by the end trucks, and is perpendicular to the runway.
Bridge Rail
The rail supported by the bridge girders on which the trolley travels.
Bridge Travel
The crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.
Building Structure
The structural members of a building that support the building loads and on which the loads of crane or monorail equipment, and the material to be moved, will be imposed.
Bulk-handling crane
Bulk-handling cranes are designed from the outset to carry a shell grab or bucket, rather than using a hook and a sling. They are used for bulk cargoes, such as coal, minerals, scrap metal etc.
Bumper (buffer)
An energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel; or when two moving cranes or trolleys come in contact.
Bow shackle
With a larger "O" shape to the loop, this shackle can take loads from many directions without developing as much side load. However, the larger shape to the loop does reduce its overall strength. Also referred to as an anchor shackle.
C
Cab
The operator's compartment on a crane.
Cab-Operated Crane
A crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley.
Camber
The slight upward vertical curve given to girders to compensate partially for deflection due to hook load and weight of the Crane.
Capacity
The maximum rated load (in tons) which a crane is designed to handle.
Carrier
Please see “Trolley”.
Chain, Hand
The chain grasped by the operator to apply force required for lifting, lowering, or traveling motions.
Chain, Load
The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
Chain Guide
A means to guide the load chain at the load sprocket.
Circuit Breaker
A device to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
Clearance
The distance from any part of the crane to a point of the nearest obstruction.
CMAA
Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc. (formerly EQOI—Electric Overhead Crane Institute).
Collectors
Contacting devices for collecting current from runway or bridge conductors.
Collector Shoe
The portion of a collector which makes contact by sliding on the conductor bar.
Collector Wheel
The portion of a collector which makes contact by rolling on the conductor bar.
Conductors, Bridge
The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.
Conductors, Runway
The electrical conductors located along a crane runway to provide power to the crane.
Contactor
An electromechanical device for opening and closing an electric power circuit.
Control Braking Means
A method of controlling crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition.
Control Actuator, Bridge Crane
A manual means at the operating station by which hoist Bridge Crane Controls are energized.
Control Enclosure, Bridge Crane
The housing containing the electrical Bridge Crane Control component.
Control Voltage
The voltage impressed on the Bridge Crane Control devices.
Controller, Bridge Crane
A device for regulating in a pre-determined way the power delivered to the motor or other equipment.
Controller, Spring Return
A controller which when released will return automatically to a neutral position.
Countertorque
A method of control by which the power to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the opposite direction.
Couplings (splices)" – Mechanical devices used to join the adjacent ends of track sections.
Cover Plate
The top or bottom plate of a box girder.
Crane
A machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism an integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are driven manually or by power.
Crawler Crane
A crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also called crawlers) that provide for the stability and mobility of the crane. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 US tons to 3500 US tons.
Crawler cranes have both advantages and disadvantages depending on their intended use. The main advantage of a crawler is that they can move around on site and then perform each lift with very little set-up, as the crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling with a load. The main disadvantage of a crawler crane is that they are very heavy, and cannot easily be moved from one job site to the next without significant expense. Typically, a large crawler must be disassembled and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to be transported to its next location.
Creep Speed
A very slow, constant, continuous, fixed rate of motion of the hoist, trolley, or bridge: usually Control established at 1% to 10% of the normal full load speed.
Cross Shaft
The shaft extending across the bridge, used to transmit torque from motor to bridge drive wheels.
Cushioned Start
An electrical or mechanical method for reducing the rate of acceleration of a travel motion.
Cantilever Gantry Crane
A gantry or semi-gantry crane in which the bridge girders extend transversely beyond the crane runway on both sides.
Chain Sprocket or Drum Groove
Grooved or notched wheel that the hoist rope or chain is seated.
Crane
A machine used to raise, lower or move a load horizontally.
Cargo
All materials carried by a vehicle or trailer including those used to operate the vehicle.
Cross-Docking
The movement of goods directly from receiving dock to shipping dock to eliminate storage expense.
Cubic Capacity
The carrying capacity of a piece of equipment according to measurement in cubic feet.
Custodian, equipment
A person assigned responsibility for a piece of hoisting and rigging equipment
Cyclic Test
A test to determine a cyclic life or acceptable cyclic rating of a tie down component or assembly.
D
Dead Loads
The loads on a structure that remain in a fixed position relative to the structure. On a crane bridge such loads include the girders, footwalk, cross shaft, drive units, panels, etc.
Deck Crane
Located on the ships and boats, these are used for cargo operations or boat unloading and retrieval where no shore unloading facilities are available. Most are diesel-hydraulic or electric-hydraulic.
Deflection
Displacement due to bending or twisting in a vertical or lateral plane, caused by the imposed live and dead loads.
Designated
Selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.
Design Factor: (sometimes referred to as safety factor)
An industry term usually computed by dividing the catalog Breaking Strength by the catalog Working Load Limit and generally expressed as a ratio. For example: 4 to 1
Diaphragm
A plate or partition between opposite parts of a member, serving a definite purpose in the structural design of the member.
Disconnecting Means
A device, or group of devices, or other means whereby the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from their power source.
Double-Girder Crane
A crane having two bridge girders mounted between and supported from the end trucks.
Drag Brake
A brake which provides retarding force without external control.
Drift Point
A point on a travel motion controller which releases the brake while the motor is not energized. This allows for coasting before the brake is set.
Drive Girder
The girder on which the bridge drive machinery is mounted.
Driving Head
A motor-driven carrier head which is supported from and propelled by the load bearing wheels.
Drum
The cylindrical member around which the ropes are wound for raising or lowering the load.
Dynamic Brake
A method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condition to provide a retarding force.
D-shackle
Also known as a chain shackle, D-shackles are narrow shackles shaped like a loop of chain, usually with a pin or threaded pin closure. D-shackles are very common and most other shackle types are a variation of the D-shackle. The small loop can take high loads primarily in line. Side and racking loads may twist or bend a D-shackle.
E
Engineered Lift
A test load that has been identified and evaluated for use in determining the lifting capacity of the hoisting equipment.
Eddy Current Brake
A method of Bridge Crane controlling or reducing speed by means of an Bridge Crane Electrical induction load brake.
Electric Baffle
Conductors that are wired to cut off electric power to approaching motor-driven equipment if track switches, drop sections, and other movable track devices are not properly set for passage of equipment.
Electrical Interlock
An electrical device in the starter circuit which prevents a short circuit when opposite Bridge Crane Controls are operated at the same time.
Electrification
The track mounted conductor system by which the moving equipment receives its electrical power.
Emergency Brake
A method of decelerating a drive when power is not available. The braking effort may be established as a result of action by the operator, or automatically when power to the drive is interrupted.
Emergency Stop Switch
A manually or automatically operated electric switch to cut off electric power independently of the regular operating controls.
Enclosed Conductor
A conductor or group of conductors substantially enclosed to prevent accidental contact.
Enclosure
A housing to contain electrical components, usually specified by a NEMA classification number.
End Approach
The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the outermost extremities of the crane and the centerline of the hook.
End Stop
A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.
End Tie
A structural member other than the end truck which connects the ends of the girders to maintain the squareness of the bridge.
End Truck
An assembly consisting of the frame and wheels which support the crane girder(s) and allow movement along the runway.
Equalizer
A device which compensates for unequal length or stretch of a rope.
Exposed
Capable of being contacted inadvertently. Applied to hazardous objects not adequately guarded or isolated.
F
Fail-Safe
A provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.
Field Wiring
The wiring required after erection of the crane.
Fixed Transfer Section (also known as crossover)
On a monorail, a connecting track with an interlock mechanism on both ends, mounted between two interlocking cranes, used to transfer a carrier from one bridge to the other.
Fleet Angle
The angle formed by the wire rope and the drum groove or sheave groove in the plane which contains the wire rope and is parallel to the drum or sheave axis.
Floating cranes
Are used mainly in bridge building and port construction, but they are also used for occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some floating cranes are mounted on a pontoon, others are specialized crane barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tons and have been used to transport entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships.
Floor-Operated Crane
A crane which is pendant or nonconductive rope controlled by an operator on the floor or an independent platform.
Footwalk
The walkway with handrail, attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes.
G
Gantry Crane
Similar to an overhead crane, except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rolls or other runway.
A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on a trolley that runs horizontally along rails, usually fitted on a single beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The crane frame is supported on a gantry system with equalized beams and wheels that run on the gantry rail, usually perpendicular to the trolley travel direction. These cranes come in all sizes, and some can move very heavy loads, particularly the extremely large examples used in shipyards or industrial installations. A special version is the container crane (or "Portainer" crane, named by the first manufacturer), designed for loading and unloading ship-borne containers at a port.
Gantry Leg
The structural member which supports a bridge girder or end tie from the sill.
Gauge
The center-to-center distance between the load carrying flanges of the two crane girders of a double girder crane.
Ground Fault
An accidental conducting connection between the electrical circuit or equipment and the earth or some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.
H
Hanger Rod" – Steel rods which, together with other fittings, are used to suspend the track from the supporting structure.
Hazardous Locations
Regulatory Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist. Locations are classified depending on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids, or gases or combustible dusts or fibers which may be present and the likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or quantity is present. Class I locations: Locations in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures. Class 2 locations: Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust. Class 3 locations: Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or filings, but in which such fibers or filings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.
Headroom
The distance from the load point of the hook, at its upper most position, to the top of the hoist or crane.
Hoist
An apparatus which may be a part of a crane, exerting a force for lifting or lowering a freely suspended load.
Hoist
A device that applies a force for lifting or lowering
Hoist, lever operated
A lever-operated manual device used to lift, lower, or pull a load and to apply or release tension; commonly referred to as a come-along
Hoist, chain operated
A chain operated manual device used to lift or lower a load and to apply or release tension; commonly referred to as a chain-fall
Hoist Chain
The load bearing chain in a hoist.
Hoist Motion
That motion of a crane which raises and lowers a load.
Hoist Speed
The rate of motion that the load hook attains while lifting rated load.
Holding Brake
A brake that automatically prevents motion when power is off.
Hook Approach
The minimum horizontal distance between the center of the runway rail and the hook.
Hook Approach, End
The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the centerline of the hook(s) and the face of the wall (or columns) at the end of the building.
Hook Approach, Side
The minimum horizontal distance, perpendicular to the runway, between the centerline of a hook (main or auxiliary) and the centerline of the runway rail.
Hook Suspended
Suspension of hoist from a trolley or rigid structure by means of a hook(s) at top of hoist.
Hot Metal Handling Crane
An overhead crane used for transporting or pouring molten material.
Hydraulic Brake
A method of Bridge Crane controlling or reducing speed by means of displacement of a liquid.
I
Interlock Mechanism
A mechanical device to lock together the adjacent ends of two cranes or a crane to a crossover or spur track to permit the transfer of carriers from one crane or track to the other.
Interlocking Crane
A crane with an interlock mechanism on one or both ends enabling it to be mechanically locked to another crane, crossover, or spur track for the purpose of transferring a carrier from one to another.
Inspector, crane
Inspector qualified to inspect cranes, hoists, and miscellaneous lifting devices
Inspector, Plate V
Inspector qualified to perform Cal/OSHA Plate V certifications
Inspector, qualified
Person recognized for competence and whose qualification to perform specific inspection activities has been determined, verified, and documented
Idle Sprocket
A freely rotating device that changes the direction of the load chain.
Idler Girder
The bridge girder that does not have the bridge drive attached, but which usually carries the bridge conductors.
Idler Sheave
A sheave used to equalize tension in opposite parts of a rope. Because of its slight movement, it is not termed a running sheave.
Impact Allowance
See Impact Factor.
Impact Factor
Additional hook load assumed to result from the dynamic effect of the live load.
Inch (inching)
See “jog”. Often used incorrectly to refer to “creep speed”.
Insulation Class
Motor winding insulation rating which indicates its ability to withstand heat and moisture.
Inverter (Variable Frequency Drive)
A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the fixed line voltage and frequency is changed to a three-phase system with infinitely variable voltage and frequency.
J
Jib Boom
A horizontal cantilever track for supporting the trolley (carrier).
Jib Crane
A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.
Jog (inch)
To move the hook, trolley, or bridge in a series of short, discontinuous, increments by momentary operation of a Bridge Crane Controller.
K
Keeper
A device positioned on a hook to prevent the hook from inadvertently releasing.
KSI
Kips per square inch, measurement of stress intensity.
Kip
A unit of force, equivalent to 1000 pounds.
Knee Brace
The diagonal structural member joining the building column and roof truss.
L
Length
The distance between extreme end bearing points of the synthetic web tie down assembly including the fittings.
Level Luffing Crane
A level luffing crane is a crane mechanism where the hook remains at the same level whilst luffing; moving the jib up and down, so as to move the hook inwards and outwards relative to the base.[1]
Some types of crane are inherently level luffing: those with a fixed horizontal jib, such as gantry, hammerhead or the fixed-jib tower cranes commonly used in construction. Usually though, the description is only applied to those with a luffing jib that have some additional mechanism applied to keep the hook level when luffing.
Level luffing is most important when careful movement of a load near ground level is required, such as in construction or shipbuilding. This partially explains the popularity of fixed horizontal jibs in these fields.
Load Binder
A binder incorporating an over center locking action.
Load
The total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.
Load Block
The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope.
Load Sprocket
A hoist component that transmits motion to the load chain. This component is sometimes called load wheel, load sheave, pocket wheel, or chain wheel.
Loader Crane
A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating crane ) is a hydraulically-powered articulated arm fitted to a truck or trailer, and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle. The numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small space when the crane is not in use. One or more of the sections may be telescopic. Often the crane will have a degree of automation and be able to unload or stow itself without an operator's instruction.
Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle to be able to view his load; hence modern cranes may be fitted with a portable cabled or radio-linked control system to supplement the crane-mounted hydraulic control levers.
In the UK and Canada, this type of crane is almost invariably known colloquially as a "Hiab", partly because this manufacturer invented the loader crane and was first into the UK market, and partly because the distinctive name was displayed prominently on the boom arm.
A rolloader' crane is a loader crane mounted on a chassis with wheels. This chassis can ride on the trailer. Because the crane can move on the trailer, it can be a light crane, so the trailer is allowed to transport more goods.
Latch, Hook
A device used to bridge the throat opening of a hook.
Lateral Forces
Horizontal forces perpendicular to the axis of the member being considered.
Lateral Hook Travel
The lateral movement of the load hook between its position at the upper limit of travel and its position at the lower limit of travel.
Left-hand End
A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s left of the centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder side of the crane.
Lift
The maximum vertical distance through which the load hook can travel, and the total allowable hook movement between its upper limit of travel and its position when at the lower limit of travel.
Lift, critical
A lift for which the application of requirements applicable to ordinary lifts would not adequately eliminate or control the likelihood or severity of the following:
Personnel injury or significant adverse health impact (on-site or off-site)
Significant release of radioactivity or other hazardous material or other undesirable conditions
Undetectable damage that would jeopardize future operations or the safety of a facility
Damage that would result in delay to schedule or other significant program impact such as loss of vital data
Lift, ordinary. All lifts that do not meet the requirements of critical or pre-engineered production
Lift, pre-engineered production
A repetitive, production-type lifting operation, independent of the nature of the load to be lifted, in which the probability of dropping, upset, or collision is reduced to a level acceptable to the responsible manager by preliminary engineering evaluation, specialized lifting fixtures, detailed procedures, operation-specific training, and independent review and approval of the entire process.
Lift plan
Pre-job plan or procedure for safely executing a lift
Lifting device
Includes a broad range of equipment used in hoisting and rigging activities:
Lift Cycle
Single lifting and lowering motion (with or without load).
Lift Limiting Device
An electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical device for limiting the upward or downward travel of the load hook at the extremities of lift. This device may limit lift at any point within the extremities of lift, if designed to be adjustable.
Limit Switch
A switch which is operated by some part or motion of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter the electric circuit associated with the machine or equipment.
M
Main Line Disconnect
The controller used to isolate power to the hoisting equipment.
Magnet
An electromagnetic device carried on a crane hook to pick up loads magnetically.
Magnetic Contactor
An electro-magnetic device for opening and closing an electric power circuit.
Main Hoist
The primary hoist mechanism provided for lifting and lowering the rated load of the crane.
Main Switch (Crane Disconnect)
A switch on the crane bridge controlling the main power supply from the runway conductors.
Man Trolley
A trolley having an operator's cab attached thereto.
Manually Operated Crane
A crane whose hoist mechanism is driven by pulling an endless chain, or whose travel mechanism is driven in the same manner or by manually moving the load or hook.
Master Switch
A switch which dominates the operation of contactors, relays, or other remotely operated devices.
Mechanical Brake
A method of speed control by friction.
Mechanical Load Brake
An automatic type of friction brake used for Bridge Crane controlling loads in a lowering direction. This unidirectional device requires torque from the motor or hand chain wheel to lower a load but does not impose any additional load on the motor or hand chain wheel when lifting a load.
N
Non-destructive examination
The development and application of technical methods to examine materials or components in ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure, and evaluate discontinuities, defects, and other imperfections; assess integrity, properties, and composition; and measure geometrical characteristics
Non-destructive test
Testing that does not destroy or damage the item. Examples include magnetic particle, ultrasonic, liquid penetration, or radiographic testing.
O
Overhead Crane
A crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting device that travels on a fixed runway.
Also known as a 'suspended crane', this type of crane work very similar to a gantry crane but instead of the whole crane moving, only the hoist / trolley assembly moves in one direction along one or two fixed beams, often mounted along the side walls or on elevated columns in the assembly area of factory. Some of these cranes can lift very heavy loads.
P
Parts (Lines)
Number of lines of rope supporting the load block or hook.
Patented Track
A generic term referring to crane and monorail equipment built in accordance with the MMA specification utilizing a composite track section incorporating a proprietary bottom flange shape.
Pawl
A device for holding the machinery against undesired rotation by engaging a ratchet.
Pendant Pushbutton Station
Means suspended from the crane operating the Bridge Crane Controllers from the floor or other level beneath the crane.
Person, authorized
A person at SLAC who has completed the required training and is authorized to perform the work
Person, designated
An individual selected or assigned as being qualified to perform specific duties
Person, qualified
A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated an ability and competence to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work
Person-in-charge
A qualified person responsible for the safe planning and performance of a critical lift
Plate V certification
A Cal/OSHA specified safety inspection in accordance with 8 CCR 5022 (a) through (d) performed on mobile cranes and cranes, hoists, and miscellaneous lifting devices exceeding three tons
Pitch Diameter
Distance of the diameter of a drum or sheave from center to center of a rope passed about the periphery.
Plain Reversing Bridge Crane Control
A reversing Bridge Crane Control which has identical characteristics for both directions of motor rotation.
Plugging
A Bridge Crane Control function which accomplishes braking by reversing the motor line voltage polarity or phase sequence.
Plugging Relay
A current relay used on a bridge or trolley Bridge Crane Control panel which senses current in the motor secondary circuit of an alternating current motor and limits reverse torque of the motor to the first Bridge Crane Control point until the motor rotation has stopped (Sometimes called an anti- plugging relay.)
Pneumatic Brake
A method of Bridge Crane Controlling or powering a drive or brake by means of compressed gas.
Power-Operated Crane
A crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, air, hydraulic, or internal combustion means.
Primary Upper Limit Device
the first device that, when actuated, limits hoisting motion in the upward direction.
Protective Panel
An assembly containing overload and undervoltage protection for all crane motions.
Proof Test load (Proof Load):
The term "Proof Test" designates a quality control test applied to the product for the sole purpose of detecting defects in material or manufacture. The Proof Test Load (usually twice the Working Load Limit) is the load which the product withstood without deformation when new and under laboratory test conditions. A constantly increasing force is applied in direct line to the product at a uniform rate of speed in a standard pull testing machine. The Proof Test Load does not mean the Working Load Limit should ever be exceeded.
Pulpit-Operated Crane
A crane operated from a fixed operator station not attached to the crane.
Pulley
A pulley (also called a block and tackle) is a mechanism composed of a wheel (called a sheave) with a groove between two flanges around the wheel's circumference. A rope, cable , belt or chain usually runs inside the groove. Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.
Q
R
Rail Sweep
A device attached to the crane and located in front of the crane’s leading wheels to push aside loose obstructions.
Rail, Bridge
The track supported by the bridge girder(s), on which the trolley travels.
Rail, Runway
The track supported by the runway beams, on which the crane travels.
Railroad crane
Is a crane with flanged wheels, used by railroads. The simplest form is just a crane mounted on a railroad car or on a flatcar. More capable devices are purpose-built.
Rated Load
The maximum load for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built by the manufacturer and shown on the equipment nameplate(s).
Reach
Is equal to lift plus headroom.
Reeving
The reeving of the hoist is the path of the rope between the hoist and the load block.
Regenerative Brake
A form of dynamic braking in which the electrical energy generated is fed back into the power system.
Regulated Speed
A function which tends to maintain constant motor speed for any load for a given speed setting of the Bridge Crane Controller.
Remote-Operated Crane
A crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control.
Right-hand End
A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s right of the centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder side of the crane.
RMG
Rail Mounted Gantry crane
RTG
Rubber Tired Gantry crane
Rope
Refers to wire rope, unless otherwise specified.
Rotary Switch
On a monorail, a track switch with a movable inner frame containing straight and/or curve sections of track. The inner frame can be rotated around a vertical axis to align these tracks with other tracks for routing carriers from one track to another.
Rough Terrain Crane
A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designed for pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and "rough terrain" applications. Outriggers that extend horizontally and vertically are used to level and stabilize the crane for hoisting.
These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage as is used for powering the crane, similar to a crawler crane. However, in a rough terrain crane, the engine is usually mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the upper, like the crawler crane.
Running Sheave
A sheave which rotates as the load block is raised or lowered.
Runway
An assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane or trolley travels.
Runway Disconnect Switch
A switch, usually at floor level, controlling the main power supply to the runway conductors.
Runway Girder
A horizontal beam attached to the building columns or wall, and supporting a runway rail on which the crane travels.
Runway Rail
The rail supported by the runway beams on which the bridge travels.
S
Shock Load
A load resulting from rapid change of movement, such as impacting, jerking or swinging of a static load. Sudden release of tension is another form of shock loading. Shock loads are generally significantly greater than static loads. Any shock loading must be considered when selecting the item for use in a system.
Avoid shock loads as they may exceed the Working Load Limit.
Semi-gantry Crane
A gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs that run along a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge supported by a truck running on an elevated runway or rail.
Self-erecting Crane
Generally a type of tower crane, these cranes, also called self-assembling or "Kangaroo" cranes, lift themselves off the ground using jacks, allowing the next section of the tower to be inserted at ground level or lifted into place by the partially erected crane itself. They can thus be assembled without outside help, or can grow together with the building or structure they are erecting.
S Section
A standard beam shape as defined by the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Safety Factor
Safety factor of a line is the ratio between the breaking strength and the safe working load. Usually, a safety factor of four is acceptable, but this is not always the case. In other words, the safety factor will vary, depending on such things as the condition of the line and circumstances under which it is to be used. While the safety factor should NEVER be less than three, it often should be well above four (possibly as high as eight or ten).
Safety Lug
A mechanical device fixed securely to the end truck or trolley yoke which will limit the fall of the crane or carrier in case of wheel or axle failure.
Shackle
A shackle (also called gyve) is a U-shaped piece of metal secured with a pin or bolt across the opening, or a hinged metal loop secured with a quick-release locking pin mechanism. They are used as a connecting link in all manner of rigging systems, from boats and ships to industrial crane rigging. A carabiner is a variety of shackle used in mountaineering.
Service Platform
A means provided for workers to perform maintenance, inspections, adjustments, and repairs of cranes.
Selvage
The woven or knitted edge of synthetic webbing, so formed to prevent raveling.
Sew/Stitch Pattern
The pattern of the stitches used to sew the webbing together.
Shoring Bar
A structural section placed transversely between the walls of a vehicle to prevent cargo from tipping or shifting.
Stuffer
A longitudinal load bearing yarn in webbing.
Sheave
A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to change direction and point of application of a pulling force.
A sheave (pronounced "shiv") is a wheel or roller with a groove along its edge for holding a belt, rope or cable. When hung between two supports and equipped with a belt, rope or cable, one or more sheaves make up a pulley. The words sheave and pulley are sometimes used interchangeably.
Side pull
That portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically.
Sidelifter crane
Is a road going truck or semi-trailer that is able to hoist and transport ISO standard containers. Lifting of containers is achieved through the use of parallel crane like hoists, which can be used to lift a container from the ground, or from a railway vehicle.
Simple Beam
A structural member supported and unrestrained at each end and subjected to loads acting transversely to its longitudinal axis.
Single-Girder Crane" – A crane having one bridge girder mounted between, and supported from, the end trucks.
Skewing Forces
Lateral forces on the bridge truck wheels caused by the bridge girders not running perpendicular to the runways. Some normal skewing occurs in all bridges.
Storage Bridge Crane
A gantry type crane of long span usually used for bulk storage of material; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or non-rigidly supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends.
Span
The horizontal distance center to center of runway rails.
Splice
A mechanical device used to join the adjacent ends of track sections.
Spring Return
A device used on a manual Bridge Crane Controller, master switch, or pushbutton to cause the unit to return automatically to the neutral position, when released by the operator.
Stacker Crane
A crane with a forklift type mechanism used in automated (computer controlled) warehouses (known as an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)). The crane moves on a track in an aisle of the warehouse. The fork can be raised or lowered to any of the levels of a storage rack and can be extended into the rack to store and retrieve product. The product can in some cases be as large as an automobile. Stacker cranes are often used in the large freezer warehouses of frozen food manufacturers. This automation avoids requiring forklift drivers to work in below freezing temperatures every day.
Standby Crane
A crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Standby Equipment
Equipment that is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Static Bridge Crane Control
A method of switching electrical circuits without the use of contacts.
Stop
A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.
Strength, Average Ultimate
The average tensile force per unit of cross sectional area required to rupture the material as determined by test.
Stress
Load or force per unit area tending to deform the material usually expressed in pound per square inch.
Stripper
A device that aids the load chain in leaving the load sprocket.
Structural Supports
Structural members provided for the support of runways or monorail track and switches.
STS
Ship te Shore crane. A container crane (also container handling gantry crane, ship-to-shore crane ) is a design of large dockside gantry cranes found at container terminals for loading and unloading shipping containers from container ships.
Container cranes consistent of a supporting framework that can traverse the length of a quay or yard, and a moving platform called a "spreader". The spreader can be lowered down on top of a container and locks on to the container's four locking points ("cornercastings"), using a "twistlock" mechanism. Cranes normally transport a single container at once, however some newer cranes have the capability to up pick up up to four 20' containers at once.
The crane is driven by an operator that sits in a cabin suspend from the trolley. The trolley runs along rails that are located on top or sides of the boom and girder. The operator runs the trolley over the ship to lift the cargo which generally are containers. Once the spreader latches (locks) on to the container with the Spreader, the container is lifted and moved over the dock and placed (discharged) on a truck chassis (trailer) to then be taken to the storage yard. The crane will also lift containers from the chassis to store (load) them on to the ship.
Straddle carriers, sidelifts or container lorries then manoeuvre underneath the crane base, and collect the containers—rapidly moving the containers away from the dock and to a storage yard.
Straddle Carrier
A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. Straddles pick and carry containers while straddling their load and connecting to the top lifting points. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30 km/h) with a laden container.
Supporting Structure
The structure used for the support of a monorail or crane system.
Suspension Fittings
Fittings used to attach the track to the supporting structure.
Sweep
Maximum lateral deviation from straightness of a structural member, measured at right angles to the Y-Y axis.
Switch
A device for making, breaking, or for changing the connections in an electric circuit.
T
Tower Crane
A vertical crane with a horizontal boom. The boom is balanced asymmetrically across the top of the tower. Its short arm carries a counterweight while the long arm carries the lifting gear.
Tagline
An electrical conductor system employing flexible cables.
TENC
Totally enclosed fan cooled.
TENV
Totally enclosed non-ventilated.
Telescopic crane
A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside the other. A hydraulic or other powered mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the total length of the boom. These types of booms are often used for short term construction projects, rescue jobs, lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of telescopic booms make them adaptable for many mobile applications.
Note that while telescopic cranes are not automatically mobile cranes, many of them are. These are often truck-mounted.
Tirfors
Also commonly known as griphoists are winches that instead of using spools to move rope or wire through the winch use self-gripping jaws. Powered by moving a handle back and forth they allow one person to move objects several tons in weight.
Tongue Switch
On a monorail, a track switch containing one straight section of track, pivoted at one end, which can be swung to various positions to connect with fixed tracks for routing of carriers.
Top Running Crane
An electric overhead traveling crane having the end trucks supported on rails attached to the top of the crane runway.
Torque, Full Load (motor)
The torque produced by a motor operating at its rated horsepower and speed.
Torque, Locked Rotor
The minimum torque which a squirrel- cage motor will develop at rest, for all angular positions of the rotor, with rated voltage applied at rated frequency. Not applicable to wound-rotor (slipring) motors.
Torque, Motor Breakdown
The maximum torque which a squirrel-cage or wound-rotor (slip-ring) motor will develop with rated voltage applied at rated frequency, without an abrupt drop in speed.
Torque, Motor Full Load
The torque developed by an electric motor (A.C. or D.C.) to produce its rated horsepower at rated full load speed.
Torque, Motor Pull Up
The minimum torque developed by a squirrel cage or wound rotor (slip-ring) motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs. For squirrel cage motors with 8% or greater slip, the pull up torque, the breakdown torque, and the starting torque are all equal and occur at zero speed.
Torsional Box Girder
Girder in which the trolley rail is located over one web.
Torsional Forces
Forces which can cause twisting of a member.
Tower Crane
The tower crane is a modern form of balance crane. Fixed to the ground (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures as well), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings.
The jib (colloquially, the 'boom') and counter-jib are mounted to the turntable, where the slewing bearing and slewing machinery are located. The counter-jib carries a counterweight, usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load from the trolley. The Hoist motor and transmissions are located on the mechanical deck on the counter-jib, while the trolley motor is located on the jib. The crane operator either sits in a cabin at the top of the tower or controls the crane by radio remote control from the ground. In the first case the operator's cabin is most usually located at the top of the tower attached to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway down the tower. The lifting hook is operated by using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables through a system of sheaves.
In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works in conjunction with a signaller (known as a 'rigger' or 'swamper'). They are most often in radio contact, and always use hand signals. The rigger directs the schedule of lifts for the crane, and is responsible for the safety of the rigging and loads.
Track Capacity
The design load which consists of the rated load, impact allowance and load imposed by the weight of the equipment.
Track Switch
On a monorail, a device with a moving section of track that can be moved to permit passage of a carrier from incoming fixed track(s) to outgoing fixed track(s).
Tractor Drive
A motor-driven unit supported from wheels and propelled by drive wheel or wheels bearing on the underside of the track.
Trolley
The unit which travels on the bridge rails and carries the hoisting mechanism (also known as a “carrier”).
Trolley Frame
The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the hoisting and traversing mechanisms.
Trolley Speed
Trolley speed is the rate of motion that a motor operated trolley (and hoist) attains while traveling along a beam.
Trolley Suspended
Suspension of hoist from a trolley. Hoist can be connected to trolley by hook, clevis, or lug suspension, or the hoist can be integral with trolley.
Trolley travel
The trolley movement at right angles to the crane runway.
Truck
The unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles which support the bridge girders or trolleys.
True Vertical Lift
In true vertical lift, the load hook travels in a true vertical path between the lower limit of lift and the upper limit of lift.
Turntable
On a monorail, a track device with a movable inner frame containing a straight section of track which can be rotated with a loaded carrier on it to align the section of track with other tracks for the transfer of carriers from one track to another.
Two Blocking
Condition under which the load block or load suspended from the hook becomes jammed against the crane structure preventing further winding up of the hoist drum.
U
Under Running Crane
An electric overhead traveling crane having the end trucks supported on track attached to the bottom flanges of the beams; or supported on bottom flanges of beams. These beams make up the crane runway.
Undervoltage Protection
A device operative on the reduction or failure of voltage to cause and maintain the interruption of power in the main circuit.
Upper Block
A fixed block located on a trolley that, through a system of sheaves, bearings, pins, and frame, supports the load block and its load.
V
Variable Frequency
A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the motor supply voltage and frequency can be adjusted.
Voltage Drop
The loss of voltage in an electric conductor between supply tap and load tap.
W
W Section
A wide flange beam shape as defined by the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Wall Crane
A crane having a jib with or without trolley and supported from a side wall or line of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and operates on a runway attached to the side wall or columns.
Web Plate
The vertical plate connecting the upper and lower flanges or cover plates of a girder.
Wheel Load
The load without impact on any wheel with the trolley and lifted load (rated capacity) positioned on the bridge to give maximum loading.
Wheel Yoke
A frame on which a pair of carrier (trolley) wheels are mounted.
Wheelbase
Distance from center-to-center of outermost wheels.
Winch
A device for tensioning a webbing or wire rope tie down that is fitted with means to lock the initial tension.
Working Load Limit
The maximum load capacity hat any given component or assembly should be subject to during use. US Cargo Control highly recommends the ‘’ working load limit’’ does not exceed 1/3 the ‘’breaking strength capacity’’ of the component or assembly being used. Working load limits shown on this website are rated at 1/3 of the minimum breaking strength.
X
Y
Z
A
Abnormal Operating Conditions
Environmental conditions that are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to or for the operation of a crane, such as excessively high or low ambient temperatures, exposure to adverse weather, corrosive fumes, dust-laden or moisture-laden atmospheres, and hazardous locations.
Access Platform
A limited length platform, located on the idler girder to access to the endtruck wheels only.
Adjustable or Variable Voltage
A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the motor supply voltage can be adjusted.
Aerial crane
or 'Sky cranes' usually are helicopters designed to lift large loads. Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that are more difficult to reach by a conventional crane. Helicopter cranes are most commonly used to lift units/loads onto shopping centers, multi-story buildings, highrises, etc. However, they can lift basically anything within their lifting capacity, (i.e. cars, boats, swimming pools, etc.). They also work as disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and during wild-fires they are able to carry huge buckets of water over fires to put them out.
All Terrain Crane
A mobile crane which has the necessary equipment to travel with high speed on public roads/highways and on the job site in rough terrain with all wheel and crab steering. AT‘s combine the roadability of Truck-mounted Crane and the manoeuvrability of a Rough Terrain Crane.
Ambient Temperature
The temperature of the atmosphere surrounding the hoist.
Ampacity
The current carrying capacity expressed in amperes.
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute.
Appointed
Assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.
Attachment point
Designed lifting point that is part of a load
Auxiliary Hoist
A supplemental hoisting unit of lighter capacity and usually higher speed than provided for the main hoist.
Automatic Crane
A crane which when activated operates through a preset cycle or cycles.
Auxiliary Girder (outrigger)
An additional girder, either solid or latticed arranged parallel to the bridge girder(s) for supporting the foot-walk, Bridge Crane Control panels, operator’s cab, etc., to reduce the torsional forces such loads might otherwise impose.
Axle, Fixed
A shaft which is fixed in the end truck and about which the wheel revolves.
Axle, Rotating
A shaft which is fixed in the wheel and which rotates on bearings fixed in the end truck.
B
B-10 Bearing Life
The B-1O bearing life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum expected life, in hours, of 9O~7o of a group of bearings which are operated at a given speed and loading.
Bearing Life
The L-10 life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum expected life, hours, of 90 percent of a group of bearings which are operating-at a given speed and loading. The average expected life of the bearings is approximately five times the L-10 life.
Bearing, Lifetime Lubricated
An antifriction bearing which is provided with seals and a high-stability oxidation-resistant grease to permit operation of the bearing without re-lubrication for not less than the specified B-10 life.
Block, Load
The assembly of hook, swivel, bearings, sheaves, pins and frame suspended from the hoisting ropes. In a “short type” block, the hook and the sheaves are mounted on the same member, called the swivel. In a “long type” block, the hook and the sheaves are mounted on separate members. (The supporting member for the sheaves is called the sheave pin and the supporting member for the hook is called the trunnion.)
Block, Upper
A fixed assembly of sheaves, bearings, pins and frame, located on the trolley cross members, and which supports the load block and its load by means of the ropes.
Bogie
A short end truck attached to the end of one girder (or to a connecting member if more than one bogie is used per girder). This type of end truck is used when more than four wheels are required on a crane due to the design of the runway.
Boom (of gantry cranes)
An extension of the trolley runway that may be raised or retracted to obtain clearance for gantry travel.
Boom (of overhead cranes)
A horizontal member mounted on the trolley to permit hoisting and lowering the load at a point other than directly under the hoist, drum, or trolley.
Brake
A device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.
Branch Circuit
The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
Breaking Strength/Ultimate Strength:
Do not use breaking strength as a criterion for service of design purposes. Refer to the Working Load Limit instead.
Breaking Strength is the average force at which the product, in the condition it would leave the factory, has been found by representative testing to break, when a constantly increasing force is applied in direct line to the product at a uniform rate of speed on a standard pull testing machine. Proof testing to twice the Working Load Limit does NOT apply to hand-splice slings.
Remember: Breaking Strengths, when published, were obtained under controlled laboratory conditions. Listing of the Breaking Strength does not mean the Working Load Limit should ever be exceeded.
Bridge
The part of a crane consisting of girders, trucks, end ties, footwalks, and drive mechanism which carries the trolley or trolleys.
Bridge Conductors
The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.
Bridge Girder (crane girder)
The principal horizontal beams of the crane, on which carriers or trolleys travel, is supported by the end trucks, and is perpendicular to the runway.
Bridge Rail
The rail supported by the bridge girders on which the trolley travels.
Bridge Travel
The crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.
Building Structure
The structural members of a building that support the building loads and on which the loads of crane or monorail equipment, and the material to be moved, will be imposed.
Bulk-handling crane
Bulk-handling cranes are designed from the outset to carry a shell grab or bucket, rather than using a hook and a sling. They are used for bulk cargoes, such as coal, minerals, scrap metal etc.
Bumper (buffer)
An energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel; or when two moving cranes or trolleys come in contact.
Bow shackle
With a larger "O" shape to the loop, this shackle can take loads from many directions without developing as much side load. However, the larger shape to the loop does reduce its overall strength. Also referred to as an anchor shackle.
C
Cab
The operator's compartment on a crane.
Cab-Operated Crane
A crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley.
Camber
The slight upward vertical curve given to girders to compensate partially for deflection due to hook load and weight of the Crane.
Capacity
The maximum rated load (in tons) which a crane is designed to handle.
Carrier
Please see “Trolley”.
Chain, Hand
The chain grasped by the operator to apply force required for lifting, lowering, or traveling motions.
Chain, Load
The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
Chain Guide
A means to guide the load chain at the load sprocket.
Circuit Breaker
A device to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
Clearance
The distance from any part of the crane to a point of the nearest obstruction.
CMAA
Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc. (formerly EQOI—Electric Overhead Crane Institute).
Collectors
Contacting devices for collecting current from runway or bridge conductors.
Collector Shoe
The portion of a collector which makes contact by sliding on the conductor bar.
Collector Wheel
The portion of a collector which makes contact by rolling on the conductor bar.
Conductors, Bridge
The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.
Conductors, Runway
The electrical conductors located along a crane runway to provide power to the crane.
Contactor
An electromechanical device for opening and closing an electric power circuit.
Control Braking Means
A method of controlling crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition.
Control Actuator, Bridge Crane
A manual means at the operating station by which hoist Bridge Crane Controls are energized.
Control Enclosure, Bridge Crane
The housing containing the electrical Bridge Crane Control component.
Control Voltage
The voltage impressed on the Bridge Crane Control devices.
Controller, Bridge Crane
A device for regulating in a pre-determined way the power delivered to the motor or other equipment.
Controller, Spring Return
A controller which when released will return automatically to a neutral position.
Countertorque
A method of control by which the power to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the opposite direction.
Couplings (splices)" – Mechanical devices used to join the adjacent ends of track sections.
Cover Plate
The top or bottom plate of a box girder.
Crane
A machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism an integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are driven manually or by power.
Crawler Crane
A crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also called crawlers) that provide for the stability and mobility of the crane. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 US tons to 3500 US tons.
Crawler cranes have both advantages and disadvantages depending on their intended use. The main advantage of a crawler is that they can move around on site and then perform each lift with very little set-up, as the crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling with a load. The main disadvantage of a crawler crane is that they are very heavy, and cannot easily be moved from one job site to the next without significant expense. Typically, a large crawler must be disassembled and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to be transported to its next location.
Creep Speed
A very slow, constant, continuous, fixed rate of motion of the hoist, trolley, or bridge: usually Control established at 1% to 10% of the normal full load speed.
Cross Shaft
The shaft extending across the bridge, used to transmit torque from motor to bridge drive wheels.
Cushioned Start
An electrical or mechanical method for reducing the rate of acceleration of a travel motion.
Cantilever Gantry Crane
A gantry or semi-gantry crane in which the bridge girders extend transversely beyond the crane runway on both sides.
Chain Sprocket or Drum Groove
Grooved or notched wheel that the hoist rope or chain is seated.
Crane
A machine used to raise, lower or move a load horizontally.
Cargo
All materials carried by a vehicle or trailer including those used to operate the vehicle.
Cross-Docking
The movement of goods directly from receiving dock to shipping dock to eliminate storage expense.
Cubic Capacity
The carrying capacity of a piece of equipment according to measurement in cubic feet.
Custodian, equipment
A person assigned responsibility for a piece of hoisting and rigging equipment
Cyclic Test
A test to determine a cyclic life or acceptable cyclic rating of a tie down component or assembly.
D
Dead Loads
The loads on a structure that remain in a fixed position relative to the structure. On a crane bridge such loads include the girders, footwalk, cross shaft, drive units, panels, etc.
Deck Crane
Located on the ships and boats, these are used for cargo operations or boat unloading and retrieval where no shore unloading facilities are available. Most are diesel-hydraulic or electric-hydraulic.
Deflection
Displacement due to bending or twisting in a vertical or lateral plane, caused by the imposed live and dead loads.
Designated
Selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.
Design Factor: (sometimes referred to as safety factor)
An industry term usually computed by dividing the catalog Breaking Strength by the catalog Working Load Limit and generally expressed as a ratio. For example: 4 to 1
Diaphragm
A plate or partition between opposite parts of a member, serving a definite purpose in the structural design of the member.
Disconnecting Means
A device, or group of devices, or other means whereby the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from their power source.
Double-Girder Crane
A crane having two bridge girders mounted between and supported from the end trucks.
Drag Brake
A brake which provides retarding force without external control.
Drift Point
A point on a travel motion controller which releases the brake while the motor is not energized. This allows for coasting before the brake is set.
Drive Girder
The girder on which the bridge drive machinery is mounted.
Driving Head
A motor-driven carrier head which is supported from and propelled by the load bearing wheels.
Drum
The cylindrical member around which the ropes are wound for raising or lowering the load.
Dynamic Brake
A method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condition to provide a retarding force.
D-shackle
Also known as a chain shackle, D-shackles are narrow shackles shaped like a loop of chain, usually with a pin or threaded pin closure. D-shackles are very common and most other shackle types are a variation of the D-shackle. The small loop can take high loads primarily in line. Side and racking loads may twist or bend a D-shackle.
E
Engineered Lift
A test load that has been identified and evaluated for use in determining the lifting capacity of the hoisting equipment.
Eddy Current Brake
A method of Bridge Crane controlling or reducing speed by means of an Bridge Crane Electrical induction load brake.
Electric Baffle
Conductors that are wired to cut off electric power to approaching motor-driven equipment if track switches, drop sections, and other movable track devices are not properly set for passage of equipment.
Electrical Interlock
An electrical device in the starter circuit which prevents a short circuit when opposite Bridge Crane Controls are operated at the same time.
Electrification
The track mounted conductor system by which the moving equipment receives its electrical power.
Emergency Brake
A method of decelerating a drive when power is not available. The braking effort may be established as a result of action by the operator, or automatically when power to the drive is interrupted.
Emergency Stop Switch
A manually or automatically operated electric switch to cut off electric power independently of the regular operating controls.
Enclosed Conductor
A conductor or group of conductors substantially enclosed to prevent accidental contact.
Enclosure
A housing to contain electrical components, usually specified by a NEMA classification number.
End Approach
The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the outermost extremities of the crane and the centerline of the hook.
End Stop
A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.
End Tie
A structural member other than the end truck which connects the ends of the girders to maintain the squareness of the bridge.
End Truck
An assembly consisting of the frame and wheels which support the crane girder(s) and allow movement along the runway.
Equalizer
A device which compensates for unequal length or stretch of a rope.
Exposed
Capable of being contacted inadvertently. Applied to hazardous objects not adequately guarded or isolated.
F
Fail-Safe
A provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.
Field Wiring
The wiring required after erection of the crane.
Fixed Transfer Section (also known as crossover)
On a monorail, a connecting track with an interlock mechanism on both ends, mounted between two interlocking cranes, used to transfer a carrier from one bridge to the other.
Fleet Angle
The angle formed by the wire rope and the drum groove or sheave groove in the plane which contains the wire rope and is parallel to the drum or sheave axis.
Floating cranes
Are used mainly in bridge building and port construction, but they are also used for occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some floating cranes are mounted on a pontoon, others are specialized crane barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tons and have been used to transport entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships.
Floor-Operated Crane
A crane which is pendant or nonconductive rope controlled by an operator on the floor or an independent platform.
Footwalk
The walkway with handrail, attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes.
G
Gantry Crane
Similar to an overhead crane, except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rolls or other runway.
A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on a trolley that runs horizontally along rails, usually fitted on a single beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The crane frame is supported on a gantry system with equalized beams and wheels that run on the gantry rail, usually perpendicular to the trolley travel direction. These cranes come in all sizes, and some can move very heavy loads, particularly the extremely large examples used in shipyards or industrial installations. A special version is the container crane (or "Portainer" crane, named by the first manufacturer), designed for loading and unloading ship-borne containers at a port.
Gantry Leg
The structural member which supports a bridge girder or end tie from the sill.
Gauge
The center-to-center distance between the load carrying flanges of the two crane girders of a double girder crane.
Ground Fault
An accidental conducting connection between the electrical circuit or equipment and the earth or some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.
H
Hanger Rod" – Steel rods which, together with other fittings, are used to suspend the track from the supporting structure.
Hazardous Locations
Regulatory Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist. Locations are classified depending on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids, or gases or combustible dusts or fibers which may be present and the likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or quantity is present. Class I locations: Locations in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures. Class 2 locations: Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust. Class 3 locations: Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or filings, but in which such fibers or filings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.
Headroom
The distance from the load point of the hook, at its upper most position, to the top of the hoist or crane.
Hoist
An apparatus which may be a part of a crane, exerting a force for lifting or lowering a freely suspended load.
Hoist
A device that applies a force for lifting or lowering
Hoist, lever operated
A lever-operated manual device used to lift, lower, or pull a load and to apply or release tension; commonly referred to as a come-along
Hoist, chain operated
A chain operated manual device used to lift or lower a load and to apply or release tension; commonly referred to as a chain-fall
Hoist Chain
The load bearing chain in a hoist.
Hoist Motion
That motion of a crane which raises and lowers a load.
Hoist Speed
The rate of motion that the load hook attains while lifting rated load.
Holding Brake
A brake that automatically prevents motion when power is off.
Hook Approach
The minimum horizontal distance between the center of the runway rail and the hook.
Hook Approach, End
The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the centerline of the hook(s) and the face of the wall (or columns) at the end of the building.
Hook Approach, Side
The minimum horizontal distance, perpendicular to the runway, between the centerline of a hook (main or auxiliary) and the centerline of the runway rail.
Hook Suspended
Suspension of hoist from a trolley or rigid structure by means of a hook(s) at top of hoist.
Hot Metal Handling Crane
An overhead crane used for transporting or pouring molten material.
Hydraulic Brake
A method of Bridge Crane controlling or reducing speed by means of displacement of a liquid.
I
Interlock Mechanism
A mechanical device to lock together the adjacent ends of two cranes or a crane to a crossover or spur track to permit the transfer of carriers from one crane or track to the other.
Interlocking Crane
A crane with an interlock mechanism on one or both ends enabling it to be mechanically locked to another crane, crossover, or spur track for the purpose of transferring a carrier from one to another.
Inspector, crane
Inspector qualified to inspect cranes, hoists, and miscellaneous lifting devices
Inspector, Plate V
Inspector qualified to perform Cal/OSHA Plate V certifications
Inspector, qualified
Person recognized for competence and whose qualification to perform specific inspection activities has been determined, verified, and documented
Idle Sprocket
A freely rotating device that changes the direction of the load chain.
Idler Girder
The bridge girder that does not have the bridge drive attached, but which usually carries the bridge conductors.
Idler Sheave
A sheave used to equalize tension in opposite parts of a rope. Because of its slight movement, it is not termed a running sheave.
Impact Allowance
See Impact Factor.
Impact Factor
Additional hook load assumed to result from the dynamic effect of the live load.
Inch (inching)
See “jog”. Often used incorrectly to refer to “creep speed”.
Insulation Class
Motor winding insulation rating which indicates its ability to withstand heat and moisture.
Inverter (Variable Frequency Drive)
A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the fixed line voltage and frequency is changed to a three-phase system with infinitely variable voltage and frequency.
J
Jib Boom
A horizontal cantilever track for supporting the trolley (carrier).
Jib Crane
A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.
Jog (inch)
To move the hook, trolley, or bridge in a series of short, discontinuous, increments by momentary operation of a Bridge Crane Controller.
K
Keeper
A device positioned on a hook to prevent the hook from inadvertently releasing.
KSI
Kips per square inch, measurement of stress intensity.
Kip
A unit of force, equivalent to 1000 pounds.
Knee Brace
The diagonal structural member joining the building column and roof truss.
L
Length
The distance between extreme end bearing points of the synthetic web tie down assembly including the fittings.
Level Luffing Crane
A level luffing crane is a crane mechanism where the hook remains at the same level whilst luffing; moving the jib up and down, so as to move the hook inwards and outwards relative to the base.[1]
Some types of crane are inherently level luffing: those with a fixed horizontal jib, such as gantry, hammerhead or the fixed-jib tower cranes commonly used in construction. Usually though, the description is only applied to those with a luffing jib that have some additional mechanism applied to keep the hook level when luffing.
Level luffing is most important when careful movement of a load near ground level is required, such as in construction or shipbuilding. This partially explains the popularity of fixed horizontal jibs in these fields.
Load Binder
A binder incorporating an over center locking action.
Load
The total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.
Load Block
The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope.
Load Sprocket
A hoist component that transmits motion to the load chain. This component is sometimes called load wheel, load sheave, pocket wheel, or chain wheel.
Loader Crane
A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating crane ) is a hydraulically-powered articulated arm fitted to a truck or trailer, and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle. The numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small space when the crane is not in use. One or more of the sections may be telescopic. Often the crane will have a degree of automation and be able to unload or stow itself without an operator's instruction.
Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle to be able to view his load; hence modern cranes may be fitted with a portable cabled or radio-linked control system to supplement the crane-mounted hydraulic control levers.
In the UK and Canada, this type of crane is almost invariably known colloquially as a "Hiab", partly because this manufacturer invented the loader crane and was first into the UK market, and partly because the distinctive name was displayed prominently on the boom arm.
A rolloader' crane is a loader crane mounted on a chassis with wheels. This chassis can ride on the trailer. Because the crane can move on the trailer, it can be a light crane, so the trailer is allowed to transport more goods.
Latch, Hook
A device used to bridge the throat opening of a hook.
Lateral Forces
Horizontal forces perpendicular to the axis of the member being considered.
Lateral Hook Travel
The lateral movement of the load hook between its position at the upper limit of travel and its position at the lower limit of travel.
Left-hand End
A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s left of the centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder side of the crane.
Lift
The maximum vertical distance through which the load hook can travel, and the total allowable hook movement between its upper limit of travel and its position when at the lower limit of travel.
Lift, critical
A lift for which the application of requirements applicable to ordinary lifts would not adequately eliminate or control the likelihood or severity of the following:
Personnel injury or significant adverse health impact (on-site or off-site)
Significant release of radioactivity or other hazardous material or other undesirable conditions
Undetectable damage that would jeopardize future operations or the safety of a facility
Damage that would result in delay to schedule or other significant program impact such as loss of vital data
Lift, ordinary. All lifts that do not meet the requirements of critical or pre-engineered production
Lift, pre-engineered production
A repetitive, production-type lifting operation, independent of the nature of the load to be lifted, in which the probability of dropping, upset, or collision is reduced to a level acceptable to the responsible manager by preliminary engineering evaluation, specialized lifting fixtures, detailed procedures, operation-specific training, and independent review and approval of the entire process.
Lift plan
Pre-job plan or procedure for safely executing a lift
Lifting device
Includes a broad range of equipment used in hoisting and rigging activities:
Lift Cycle
Single lifting and lowering motion (with or without load).
Lift Limiting Device
An electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical device for limiting the upward or downward travel of the load hook at the extremities of lift. This device may limit lift at any point within the extremities of lift, if designed to be adjustable.
Limit Switch
A switch which is operated by some part or motion of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter the electric circuit associated with the machine or equipment.
M
Main Line Disconnect
The controller used to isolate power to the hoisting equipment.
Magnet
An electromagnetic device carried on a crane hook to pick up loads magnetically.
Magnetic Contactor
An electro-magnetic device for opening and closing an electric power circuit.
Main Hoist
The primary hoist mechanism provided for lifting and lowering the rated load of the crane.
Main Switch (Crane Disconnect)
A switch on the crane bridge controlling the main power supply from the runway conductors.
Man Trolley
A trolley having an operator's cab attached thereto.
Manually Operated Crane
A crane whose hoist mechanism is driven by pulling an endless chain, or whose travel mechanism is driven in the same manner or by manually moving the load or hook.
Master Switch
A switch which dominates the operation of contactors, relays, or other remotely operated devices.
Mechanical Brake
A method of speed control by friction.
Mechanical Load Brake
An automatic type of friction brake used for Bridge Crane controlling loads in a lowering direction. This unidirectional device requires torque from the motor or hand chain wheel to lower a load but does not impose any additional load on the motor or hand chain wheel when lifting a load.
N
Non-destructive examination
The development and application of technical methods to examine materials or components in ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure, and evaluate discontinuities, defects, and other imperfections; assess integrity, properties, and composition; and measure geometrical characteristics
Non-destructive test
Testing that does not destroy or damage the item. Examples include magnetic particle, ultrasonic, liquid penetration, or radiographic testing.
O
Overhead Crane
A crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting device that travels on a fixed runway.
Also known as a 'suspended crane', this type of crane work very similar to a gantry crane but instead of the whole crane moving, only the hoist / trolley assembly moves in one direction along one or two fixed beams, often mounted along the side walls or on elevated columns in the assembly area of factory. Some of these cranes can lift very heavy loads.
P
Parts (Lines)
Number of lines of rope supporting the load block or hook.
Patented Track
A generic term referring to crane and monorail equipment built in accordance with the MMA specification utilizing a composite track section incorporating a proprietary bottom flange shape.
Pawl
A device for holding the machinery against undesired rotation by engaging a ratchet.
Pendant Pushbutton Station
Means suspended from the crane operating the Bridge Crane Controllers from the floor or other level beneath the crane.
Person, authorized
A person at SLAC who has completed the required training and is authorized to perform the work
Person, designated
An individual selected or assigned as being qualified to perform specific duties
Person, qualified
A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated an ability and competence to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work
Person-in-charge
A qualified person responsible for the safe planning and performance of a critical lift
Plate V certification
A Cal/OSHA specified safety inspection in accordance with 8 CCR 5022 (a) through (d) performed on mobile cranes and cranes, hoists, and miscellaneous lifting devices exceeding three tons
Pitch Diameter
Distance of the diameter of a drum or sheave from center to center of a rope passed about the periphery.
Plain Reversing Bridge Crane Control
A reversing Bridge Crane Control which has identical characteristics for both directions of motor rotation.
Plugging
A Bridge Crane Control function which accomplishes braking by reversing the motor line voltage polarity or phase sequence.
Plugging Relay
A current relay used on a bridge or trolley Bridge Crane Control panel which senses current in the motor secondary circuit of an alternating current motor and limits reverse torque of the motor to the first Bridge Crane Control point until the motor rotation has stopped (Sometimes called an anti- plugging relay.)
Pneumatic Brake
A method of Bridge Crane Controlling or powering a drive or brake by means of compressed gas.
Power-Operated Crane
A crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, air, hydraulic, or internal combustion means.
Primary Upper Limit Device
the first device that, when actuated, limits hoisting motion in the upward direction.
Protective Panel
An assembly containing overload and undervoltage protection for all crane motions.
Proof Test load (Proof Load):
The term "Proof Test" designates a quality control test applied to the product for the sole purpose of detecting defects in material or manufacture. The Proof Test Load (usually twice the Working Load Limit) is the load which the product withstood without deformation when new and under laboratory test conditions. A constantly increasing force is applied in direct line to the product at a uniform rate of speed in a standard pull testing machine. The Proof Test Load does not mean the Working Load Limit should ever be exceeded.
Pulpit-Operated Crane
A crane operated from a fixed operator station not attached to the crane.
Pulley
A pulley (also called a block and tackle) is a mechanism composed of a wheel (called a sheave) with a groove between two flanges around the wheel's circumference. A rope, cable , belt or chain usually runs inside the groove. Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.
Q
R
Rail Sweep
A device attached to the crane and located in front of the crane’s leading wheels to push aside loose obstructions.
Rail, Bridge
The track supported by the bridge girder(s), on which the trolley travels.
Rail, Runway
The track supported by the runway beams, on which the crane travels.
Railroad crane
Is a crane with flanged wheels, used by railroads. The simplest form is just a crane mounted on a railroad car or on a flatcar. More capable devices are purpose-built.
Rated Load
The maximum load for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built by the manufacturer and shown on the equipment nameplate(s).
Reach
Is equal to lift plus headroom.
Reeving
The reeving of the hoist is the path of the rope between the hoist and the load block.
Regenerative Brake
A form of dynamic braking in which the electrical energy generated is fed back into the power system.
Regulated Speed
A function which tends to maintain constant motor speed for any load for a given speed setting of the Bridge Crane Controller.
Remote-Operated Crane
A crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control.
Right-hand End
A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s right of the centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder side of the crane.
RMG
Rail Mounted Gantry crane
RTG
Rubber Tired Gantry crane
Rope
Refers to wire rope, unless otherwise specified.
Rotary Switch
On a monorail, a track switch with a movable inner frame containing straight and/or curve sections of track. The inner frame can be rotated around a vertical axis to align these tracks with other tracks for routing carriers from one track to another.
Rough Terrain Crane
A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designed for pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and "rough terrain" applications. Outriggers that extend horizontally and vertically are used to level and stabilize the crane for hoisting.
These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage as is used for powering the crane, similar to a crawler crane. However, in a rough terrain crane, the engine is usually mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the upper, like the crawler crane.
Running Sheave
A sheave which rotates as the load block is raised or lowered.
Runway
An assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane or trolley travels.
Runway Disconnect Switch
A switch, usually at floor level, controlling the main power supply to the runway conductors.
Runway Girder
A horizontal beam attached to the building columns or wall, and supporting a runway rail on which the crane travels.
Runway Rail
The rail supported by the runway beams on which the bridge travels.
S
Shock Load
A load resulting from rapid change of movement, such as impacting, jerking or swinging of a static load. Sudden release of tension is another form of shock loading. Shock loads are generally significantly greater than static loads. Any shock loading must be considered when selecting the item for use in a system.
Avoid shock loads as they may exceed the Working Load Limit.
Semi-gantry Crane
A gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs that run along a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge supported by a truck running on an elevated runway or rail.
Self-erecting Crane
Generally a type of tower crane, these cranes, also called self-assembling or "Kangaroo" cranes, lift themselves off the ground using jacks, allowing the next section of the tower to be inserted at ground level or lifted into place by the partially erected crane itself. They can thus be assembled without outside help, or can grow together with the building or structure they are erecting.
S Section
A standard beam shape as defined by the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Safety Factor
Safety factor of a line is the ratio between the breaking strength and the safe working load. Usually, a safety factor of four is acceptable, but this is not always the case. In other words, the safety factor will vary, depending on such things as the condition of the line and circumstances under which it is to be used. While the safety factor should NEVER be less than three, it often should be well above four (possibly as high as eight or ten).
Safety Lug
A mechanical device fixed securely to the end truck or trolley yoke which will limit the fall of the crane or carrier in case of wheel or axle failure.
Shackle
A shackle (also called gyve) is a U-shaped piece of metal secured with a pin or bolt across the opening, or a hinged metal loop secured with a quick-release locking pin mechanism. They are used as a connecting link in all manner of rigging systems, from boats and ships to industrial crane rigging. A carabiner is a variety of shackle used in mountaineering.
Service Platform
A means provided for workers to perform maintenance, inspections, adjustments, and repairs of cranes.
Selvage
The woven or knitted edge of synthetic webbing, so formed to prevent raveling.
Sew/Stitch Pattern
The pattern of the stitches used to sew the webbing together.
Shoring Bar
A structural section placed transversely between the walls of a vehicle to prevent cargo from tipping or shifting.
Stuffer
A longitudinal load bearing yarn in webbing.
Sheave
A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to change direction and point of application of a pulling force.
A sheave (pronounced "shiv") is a wheel or roller with a groove along its edge for holding a belt, rope or cable. When hung between two supports and equipped with a belt, rope or cable, one or more sheaves make up a pulley. The words sheave and pulley are sometimes used interchangeably.
Side pull
That portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically.
Sidelifter crane
Is a road going truck or semi-trailer that is able to hoist and transport ISO standard containers. Lifting of containers is achieved through the use of parallel crane like hoists, which can be used to lift a container from the ground, or from a railway vehicle.
Simple Beam
A structural member supported and unrestrained at each end and subjected to loads acting transversely to its longitudinal axis.
Single-Girder Crane" – A crane having one bridge girder mounted between, and supported from, the end trucks.
Skewing Forces
Lateral forces on the bridge truck wheels caused by the bridge girders not running perpendicular to the runways. Some normal skewing occurs in all bridges.
Storage Bridge Crane
A gantry type crane of long span usually used for bulk storage of material; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or non-rigidly supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends.
Span
The horizontal distance center to center of runway rails.
Splice
A mechanical device used to join the adjacent ends of track sections.
Spring Return
A device used on a manual Bridge Crane Controller, master switch, or pushbutton to cause the unit to return automatically to the neutral position, when released by the operator.
Stacker Crane
A crane with a forklift type mechanism used in automated (computer controlled) warehouses (known as an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)). The crane moves on a track in an aisle of the warehouse. The fork can be raised or lowered to any of the levels of a storage rack and can be extended into the rack to store and retrieve product. The product can in some cases be as large as an automobile. Stacker cranes are often used in the large freezer warehouses of frozen food manufacturers. This automation avoids requiring forklift drivers to work in below freezing temperatures every day.
Standby Crane
A crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Standby Equipment
Equipment that is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Static Bridge Crane Control
A method of switching electrical circuits without the use of contacts.
Stop
A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.
Strength, Average Ultimate
The average tensile force per unit of cross sectional area required to rupture the material as determined by test.
Stress
Load or force per unit area tending to deform the material usually expressed in pound per square inch.
Stripper
A device that aids the load chain in leaving the load sprocket.
Structural Supports
Structural members provided for the support of runways or monorail track and switches.
STS
Ship te Shore crane. A container crane (also container handling gantry crane, ship-to-shore crane ) is a design of large dockside gantry cranes found at container terminals for loading and unloading shipping containers from container ships.
Container cranes consistent of a supporting framework that can traverse the length of a quay or yard, and a moving platform called a "spreader". The spreader can be lowered down on top of a container and locks on to the container's four locking points ("cornercastings"), using a "twistlock" mechanism. Cranes normally transport a single container at once, however some newer cranes have the capability to up pick up up to four 20' containers at once.
The crane is driven by an operator that sits in a cabin suspend from the trolley. The trolley runs along rails that are located on top or sides of the boom and girder. The operator runs the trolley over the ship to lift the cargo which generally are containers. Once the spreader latches (locks) on to the container with the Spreader, the container is lifted and moved over the dock and placed (discharged) on a truck chassis (trailer) to then be taken to the storage yard. The crane will also lift containers from the chassis to store (load) them on to the ship.
Straddle carriers, sidelifts or container lorries then manoeuvre underneath the crane base, and collect the containers—rapidly moving the containers away from the dock and to a storage yard.
Straddle Carrier
A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. Straddles pick and carry containers while straddling their load and connecting to the top lifting points. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30 km/h) with a laden container.
Supporting Structure
The structure used for the support of a monorail or crane system.
Suspension Fittings
Fittings used to attach the track to the supporting structure.
Sweep
Maximum lateral deviation from straightness of a structural member, measured at right angles to the Y-Y axis.
Switch
A device for making, breaking, or for changing the connections in an electric circuit.
T
Tower Crane
A vertical crane with a horizontal boom. The boom is balanced asymmetrically across the top of the tower. Its short arm carries a counterweight while the long arm carries the lifting gear.
Tagline
An electrical conductor system employing flexible cables.
TENC
Totally enclosed fan cooled.
TENV
Totally enclosed non-ventilated.
Telescopic crane
A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside the other. A hydraulic or other powered mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the total length of the boom. These types of booms are often used for short term construction projects, rescue jobs, lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of telescopic booms make them adaptable for many mobile applications.
Note that while telescopic cranes are not automatically mobile cranes, many of them are. These are often truck-mounted.
Tirfors
Also commonly known as griphoists are winches that instead of using spools to move rope or wire through the winch use self-gripping jaws. Powered by moving a handle back and forth they allow one person to move objects several tons in weight.
Tongue Switch
On a monorail, a track switch containing one straight section of track, pivoted at one end, which can be swung to various positions to connect with fixed tracks for routing of carriers.
Top Running Crane
An electric overhead traveling crane having the end trucks supported on rails attached to the top of the crane runway.
Torque, Full Load (motor)
The torque produced by a motor operating at its rated horsepower and speed.
Torque, Locked Rotor
The minimum torque which a squirrel- cage motor will develop at rest, for all angular positions of the rotor, with rated voltage applied at rated frequency. Not applicable to wound-rotor (slipring) motors.
Torque, Motor Breakdown
The maximum torque which a squirrel-cage or wound-rotor (slip-ring) motor will develop with rated voltage applied at rated frequency, without an abrupt drop in speed.
Torque, Motor Full Load
The torque developed by an electric motor (A.C. or D.C.) to produce its rated horsepower at rated full load speed.
Torque, Motor Pull Up
The minimum torque developed by a squirrel cage or wound rotor (slip-ring) motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs. For squirrel cage motors with 8% or greater slip, the pull up torque, the breakdown torque, and the starting torque are all equal and occur at zero speed.
Torsional Box Girder
Girder in which the trolley rail is located over one web.
Torsional Forces
Forces which can cause twisting of a member.
Tower Crane
The tower crane is a modern form of balance crane. Fixed to the ground (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures as well), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings.
The jib (colloquially, the 'boom') and counter-jib are mounted to the turntable, where the slewing bearing and slewing machinery are located. The counter-jib carries a counterweight, usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load from the trolley. The Hoist motor and transmissions are located on the mechanical deck on the counter-jib, while the trolley motor is located on the jib. The crane operator either sits in a cabin at the top of the tower or controls the crane by radio remote control from the ground. In the first case the operator's cabin is most usually located at the top of the tower attached to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway down the tower. The lifting hook is operated by using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables through a system of sheaves.
In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works in conjunction with a signaller (known as a 'rigger' or 'swamper'). They are most often in radio contact, and always use hand signals. The rigger directs the schedule of lifts for the crane, and is responsible for the safety of the rigging and loads.
Track Capacity
The design load which consists of the rated load, impact allowance and load imposed by the weight of the equipment.
Track Switch
On a monorail, a device with a moving section of track that can be moved to permit passage of a carrier from incoming fixed track(s) to outgoing fixed track(s).
Tractor Drive
A motor-driven unit supported from wheels and propelled by drive wheel or wheels bearing on the underside of the track.
Trolley
The unit which travels on the bridge rails and carries the hoisting mechanism (also known as a “carrier”).
Trolley Frame
The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the hoisting and traversing mechanisms.
Trolley Speed
Trolley speed is the rate of motion that a motor operated trolley (and hoist) attains while traveling along a beam.
Trolley Suspended
Suspension of hoist from a trolley. Hoist can be connected to trolley by hook, clevis, or lug suspension, or the hoist can be integral with trolley.
Trolley travel
The trolley movement at right angles to the crane runway.
Truck
The unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles which support the bridge girders or trolleys.
True Vertical Lift
In true vertical lift, the load hook travels in a true vertical path between the lower limit of lift and the upper limit of lift.
Turntable
On a monorail, a track device with a movable inner frame containing a straight section of track which can be rotated with a loaded carrier on it to align the section of track with other tracks for the transfer of carriers from one track to another.
Two Blocking
Condition under which the load block or load suspended from the hook becomes jammed against the crane structure preventing further winding up of the hoist drum.
U
Under Running Crane
An electric overhead traveling crane having the end trucks supported on track attached to the bottom flanges of the beams; or supported on bottom flanges of beams. These beams make up the crane runway.
Undervoltage Protection
A device operative on the reduction or failure of voltage to cause and maintain the interruption of power in the main circuit.
Upper Block
A fixed block located on a trolley that, through a system of sheaves, bearings, pins, and frame, supports the load block and its load.
V
Variable Frequency
A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the motor supply voltage and frequency can be adjusted.
Voltage Drop
The loss of voltage in an electric conductor between supply tap and load tap.
W
W Section
A wide flange beam shape as defined by the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Wall Crane
A crane having a jib with or without trolley and supported from a side wall or line of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and operates on a runway attached to the side wall or columns.
Web Plate
The vertical plate connecting the upper and lower flanges or cover plates of a girder.
Wheel Load
The load without impact on any wheel with the trolley and lifted load (rated capacity) positioned on the bridge to give maximum loading.
Wheel Yoke
A frame on which a pair of carrier (trolley) wheels are mounted.
Wheelbase
Distance from center-to-center of outermost wheels.
Winch
A device for tensioning a webbing or wire rope tie down that is fitted with means to lock the initial tension.
Working Load Limit
The maximum load capacity hat any given component or assembly should be subject to during use. US Cargo Control highly recommends the ‘’ working load limit’’ does not exceed 1/3 the ‘’breaking strength capacity’’ of the component or assembly being used. Working load limits shown on this website are rated at 1/3 of the minimum breaking strength.
X
Y
Z
Safety Hooks / Ganchos de segurança / Veiligheidshaken
(EN) Safety Hooks - Self Locking Hooks(PT) Ganchos de segurança - Gancho Auto Travante
(NL) Veiligheidshaken - Zelfsluitende haken
(EN) Swivel Type Self Locking Safety Hook
(PT) Gancho Auto Travante Giratório
(NL) Veiligheidshaak met wartel
(EN) Clevis Self Locking Safety Hook
(PT) Gancho Clevis Auto Travante
(NL) Veiligheidshaak met Gaffel
(EN) Eye self locking safety hook
(PT) Gancho Olhal Auto Travante
(NL) Veiligheidshaak met Oog
(EN) Shank type Self Locking Safety Hook / Self Locking Safety Hook with Shaft
(PT) Gancho haste
(NL) Zelfsluitende Stifthaak
safety factor 4:1
veiligheidsfactor 4:1
Fator de Segurança 4:1
Translation Machinery Directive - 98/37/EC ANNEX I part 4 - Lift & hoisting equipment
Here are translations about Lift & Hoisting equipment from the Machinery Directive - 98/37/EC, this directive is valid until the end of December 2009.
The provisions of the new Directive (2006/42/EC) become applicable on 29th December 2009. Until that date, the provisions of the current Machinery Directive 98/37/EC continue to apply.
You can download the new Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC here:
- 2006/42/EC English, Inglês, Engels
- 2006/42/EC Portuguese, Português, Portugees
- 2006/42/EC Dutch, Holandês, Nederlands
If you want to download the actual Machinery Directive 98/37/CE:
- DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
- DIRECTIVA 98/37/CE DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU E DO CONSELHO
- RICHTLIJN 98/37/EG VAN HET EUROPEES PARLEMENT EN DE RAAD
(EN) 4. ESSENTIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS TO OFFSET THE PARTICULAR HAZARDS DUE TO A LIFTING OPERATION.
(PT) 4. EXIGÊNCIAS ESSENCIAIS DE SEGURANÇA E DE SAÚDE PARA DIMINUIR OS RISCOS ESPECÍFICOS DEVIDOS A OPERAÇÕES DE ELEVAÇÃO.
(NL) 4. FUNDAMENTELE VEILIGHEIDS- EN GEZONDHEIDSVOORSCHRIFTEN TER VERMINDERING VAN DE AAN HIJS- OF HEFVERRICHTINGEN VERBONDEN BIJZONDERE GEVAREN.
(EN) Machinery presenting hazards due to lifting operations — mainly hazards of load falls and collisions or hazards of tipping caused by a lifting operation — must be designed and constructed to meet the requirements set out below.
Risks due to a lifting operation exist particularly in the case of machinery designed to move a unit load involving a change in level during the movement. The load may consist of objects, materials or goods.
(PT) As máquinas que apresentem riscos devidos a operações de elevação, principalmente riscos de queda de carga, de colisões de carga ou de basculamento devido à movimentação da carga, devem ser concebidas e fabricadas de modo a satisfazer as exigências seguidamente enunciadas. Estes riscos existem nomeadamente no caso das máquinas cuja função consiste em deslocar cargas unitárias com mudança de nível durante a deslocação. A carga pode ser constituída por objectos, materiais ou mercadorias.
(NL) Machines die aan hijs- of hefverrichtingen verbonden gevaar opleveren, vooral gevaar voor vallende of botsende lasten of voor kantelen ten gevolge van de behandeling van een last, moeten zo zijn ontworpen en gebouwd dat zij aan de volgende eisen voldoen. Genoemde gevaren bestaan vooral bij machines voor de verplaatsing van een stuklast, wanneer die verplaatsing gepaard gaat met een verandering van niveau. De last kan bestaan uit voorwerpen, materialen of goederen.
4.1. General remarks / Generalidades / Algemeen
4.1.1. Definitions / Definições / Definities
(EN) (a) 'lifting accessories' means components or equipment not attached to the machine and placed between the machinery and the load or on the load in order to attach it;
(PT) (a) 'Acessórios de elevação' os componentes ou equipamentos não ligados à máquina e colocados entre a máquina e a carga, ou sobre a carga, para permitirem a sua preensão;
(NL) (a) 'hijs- of hefgereedschappen' niet vast met de machine verbonden onderdelen of inrichtingen die tussen de machine en de last of op de last worden geplaatst om deze te kunnen opnemen;
(EN) (b) 'separate lifting accessories' means accessories which help to make up or use a slinging device, such as eyehooks, shackles, rings, eyebolts, etc.;
(PT) (b) 'Acessórios de lingagem' os acessórios de elevação que se destinam à confecção ou utilização de lingadas, como ganchos com olhal, manilhas, anéis, anéis com haste, etc.;
(NL) (b) 'hijs- of hefhulpstukken' hijs- of hefgereedschappen die dienen voor de vervaardiging of het gebruik van een strop, bijvoorbeeld ooghaken, sluitingen, touwringen, oogbouten enz.;
(EN) (c) 'guided load' means the load where the total movement is made along rigid or flexible guides, whose position is determined by fixed points;
(PT) (c) 'Carga guiada' a carga cuja deslocação total se realiza ao longo de guias materializadas, rígidas ou flexíveis, cuja posição no espaço é determinada por pontos fixos;
(NL) (c) 'geleide last' last waarvan de volledige verplaatsing gebeurt langs uit stijf of soepel materiaal bestaande geleiders, waarvan de plaats in de ruimte door vaste punten wordt bepaald;
(EN) (d) 'working coefficient' means the arithmetic ratio between the load guaranteed by the manufacturer up to which a piece of equipment, an accessory or machinery is able to hold it and the maximum working load marked on the equipment, accessory or machinery respectively;
(PT) (d) 'Coeficiente de utilização' a relação aritmética entre a carga garantida pelo fabricante até à qual um equipamento, um acessório ou uma máquina é capaz de sustentar a carga e a carga máxima de utilização indicada no equipamento, no acessório ou na máquina, respectivamente;
(NL) (d) 'gebruikscoëfficiënt' rekenkundige verhouding tussen de door de fabrikant gegarandeerde last die door een uitrusting, gereedschap of een machine kan worden gehouden en de werklast die respectievelijk op de uitrusting, het gereedschap of de machine is aangegeven;
(EN) (e) 'test coefficient' means the arithmetic ratio between the load used to carry out the static or dynamic tests on a piece of equipment, an accessory or machinery and the maximum working load marked on the piece of equipment, accessory or machinery;
(PT) (e) 'Coeficiente de ensaio' a relação aritmética entre a carga utilizada para efectuar as provas estáticas ou dinâmicas de um equipamento, de um acessório ou de uma máquina e a carga máxima de utilização indicada no equipamento, no acessório ou na máquina, respectivamente;
(NL) (e) 'beproevingscoëfficiënt' rekenkundige verhouding tussen de last die gebruikt wordt voor de statische of dynamische beproeving van een uitrusting, gereedschap of machine en de werklast die respectievelijk op de uitrusting, het gereedschap of de machine is aangegeven;
(EN) (f) 'static test' means the test during which the machinery or the lifting accessory is first inspected and subjected to a force corresponding to the maximum working load multiplied by the appropriate static test coefficient and then re-inspected once the said load has been released to ensure no damage has occurred;
(PT) (f) 'Prova estática' o ensaio que consiste em inspeccionar a máquina ou acessório de elevação e aplicar-lhe em seguida uma força correspondente à carga máxima de utilização multiplicada por um dos coeficientes fixados no ponto 4.1.2.3 e, após ter sido retirada a força, inspeccionar novamente a máquina ou acessório, para verificar se foi provocado algum dano;
(NL) (f) 'statische beproeving' proef waarbij de machine of het hijs- of hefgereedschap wordt geïnspecteerd, daarop vervolgens een kracht wordt uitgeoefend overeenkomende met de werklast vermenigvuldigd met de passende statische beproevingscoëfficiënt, en de machine of het gereedschap na het wegnemen van de last opnieuw wordt geïnspecteerd om te controleren of er geen schade is opgetreden;
(EN) (g) 'dynamic test' means the test during which the machinery is operated in all its possible configurations at maximum working load with account being taken of the dynamic behaviour of the machinery in order to check that the machinery and safety features are functioning properly.
(PT) (g) 'Prova dinâmica' o ensaio que consiste em fazer funcionar a máquina em todas as configurações possíveis à carga máxima de utilização multiplicada por um dos coeficientes fixados no ponto 4.1.2.3 para verificar o bom funcionamento da máquina e dos seus elementos de segurança.
(NL) (g) 'dynamische beproeving' proef waarbij de machine in alle mogelijke configuraties in werking wordt gesteld met de werklast, waarbij rekening wordt gehouden met het dynamische gedrag van de machine teneinde de goede werking van machine en veiligheidsonderdelen te verifiëren.
4.1.2. Protection against mechanical hazards / Medidas de protecção contra riscos mecânicos / Maatregelen ter beveiliging tegen mechanische gevaren
(EN) 4.1.2.1. Risks due to lack of stability
Machinery must be so designed and constructed that the stability required in 1.3.1 is maintained both in service and out of service, including all stages of transportation, assembly and dismantling, during foreseeable component failures and also during the tests carried out in accordance with the instruction handbook.
To that end, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must use the appropriate verification methods; in particular, for self-propelled industrial trucks with lift exceeding 1,80 m, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must, for each type of industrial truck concerned, perform a platform stability test or similar test, or have such tests performed.
(PT) 4.1.2.1. Riscos devidos à falta de estabilidade
As máquinas devem ser concebidas e fabricadas de forma a assegurar a estabilidade exigida no ponto 1.3.1 em serviço e fora de serviço, inclusivamente durante as fases de transporte, montagem e desmontagem, durante avarias previsíveis e também durante a realização das provas, se estas forem efectuadas em conformidade com o manual de instruções. Para o efeito, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve utilizar meios de verificação apropriados; em particular em relação aos carros de manutenção automotores de elevação superior a 1,80 m, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve efectuar ou mandar efectuar, para cada tipo de carro, um teste de estabilidade sobre plataforma ou um teste similar.
(NL) 4.1.2.1. Gevaren als gevolg van onvoldoende stabiliteit
De machines moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat de in punt 1.3.1 vereiste stabiliteit gewaarborgd is tijdens en buiten bedrijf, met inbegrip van alle fasen van transport, montage en demontage, bij voorzienbare defecten en tevens tijdens de uitvoering van de proeven wanneer deze overeenkomstig de gebruiksaanwijzing worden verricht. Daartoe moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde de passende verificatiemiddelen gebruiken; in het bijzonder moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde bij gemotoriseerde transportwerktuigen met een hijs- of hefhoogte van meer dan 1,80 m voor elk type werktuig een stabiliteitsproef op platform of een soortgelijke proef
verrichten of laten verrichten.
(EN) 4.1.2.2. Guide rails and rail tracks
Machinery must be provided with devices which act on the guide rails or tracks to prevent derailment. However, if derailment occurs despite such devices, or if there is a failure of a rail or of a running component, devices must be provided which prevent the equipment, component or load from falling or the machine overturning.
(PT) 4.1.2.2. Guiamentos e caminhos de rolamento
As máquinas devem ser dotadas de dispositivos que actuem sobre os guiamentos ou caminhos de rolamento para evitar o descarrilamento. Todavia, em caso de descarrilamento, apesar da existência dos referidos dispositivos, ou em caso
de falha de um órgão de guiamento ou de rolamento, devem ser previstas medidas para impedir a queda de equipamentos, de componentes ou da carga, bem como o basculamento da máquina.
(NL) 4.1.2.2. Geleidingen en rolbanen
De machines moeten voorzieningen bezitten die inwerken op de geleidingen of rolbanen teneinde ontsporing te voorkomen. Voor ontsporing ondanks de aanwezigheid van dergelijke voorzieningen of voor een defect aan een geleiding of rolbaan moeten er voorzieningen zijn die verhinderen dat uitrustingen, onderdelen of de last vallen en dat de machine kantelt.
(EN) 4.1.2.3. Mechanical strength
Machinery, lifting accessories and removable components must be capable of withstanding the stresses to which they are subjected, both in and, where applicable, out of use, under the installation and operating conditions provided for by the manufacturer, and in all relevant configurations, with due regard, where appropriate, to the effects of atmospheric factors and forces exerted by persons. This requirement must also be satisfied during transport, assembly and dismantling.
Machinery and lifting accessories must be designed and constructed so as to prevent failure from fatigue or wear, taking due account of their intended use.
The materials used must be chosen on the basis of the working environments provided for by the manufacturer, with special reference to corrosion, abrasion, impacts, cold brittleness and ageing.
The machinery and the lifting accessories must be designed and constructed to withstand the overload in the static tests without permanent deformation or patent defect. The calculation must take account of the values of the static test coefficient chosen to guarantee an adequate level of safety: that coefficient has, as a general rule, the following values:
(a) manually-operated machinery and lifting accessories: 1,5;
(b) other machinery: 1,25.
Machinery must be designed and constructed to undergo, without failure, the dynamic tests carried out using the maximum working load multiplied by the dynamic test coefficient. This dynamic test coefficient is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety: the coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to 1,1.
The dynamic tests must be performed on machinery ready to be put into service under normal conditions of use. As a general rule, the tests will be performed at the nominal speeds laid down by the manufacturer. Should the control circuit of the machinery allow for a number of simultaneous movements (for example, rotation and displacement of the load), the tests must be carried out under the least favourable conditions, i.e. as a general rule, by combining the movements concerned.
(PT) 4.1.2.3. Resistência mecânica
As máquinas, os acessórios de elevação e os elementos amovíveis devem ser capazes de resistir às tensões a que são submetidos em serviço e, se for caso disso, fora de serviço, nas condições de instalação e de funcionamento previstas pelo fabricante e em todas as respectivas configurações, tendo em conta, se necessário, os efeitos dos agentes atmosféricos e os esforços exercidos pelas pessoas. Esta exigência deve ser igualmente observada durante o transporte, a montagem e a desmontagem.
As máquinas e os acessórios de elevação devem ser concebidos e fabricados de forma a evitar falhas devidas à fadiga ou ao desgaste inerente à utilização prevista.
Os materiais utilizados devem ser escolhidos tendo em conta os meios de utilização previstos pelo fabricante, nomeadamente no que se refere à corrosão, à abrasão, aos choques, à fragilidade, ao frio e ao envelhecimento.
As máquinas e os acessórios de elevação devem ser concebidos e construídos de modo a
suportarem sem deformações permanentes nem defeitos visíveis as sobrecargas devidas às provas estáticas. O cálculo deve ter em conta os valores de coeficiente de prova estática, que é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente tem, regra geral, os seguintes valores:
a) Máquinas movidas pela força humana e acessórios de elevação: 1,5;
b) Outras máquinas: 1,25.
As máquinas devem ser concebidas e construídas de forma a suportarem sem falhas as provas dinâmicas efectuadas com a carga máxima de utilização multiplicada pelo coeficiente de prova dinâmica. Este coeficiente de prova dinâmica é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; é, regra geral, igual a 1,1.
As provas dinâmicas devem ser efectuadas com a máquina pronta a entrar em funcionamento em condições de serviço normais. Essas provas serão efectuadas, regra geral, com as velocidades nominais definidas pelo fabricante. No caso de o circuito de comando da máquina permitir vários movimentos em simultâneo (por exemplo, rotação e deslocação da carga), as provas devem ser efectuadas nas condições mais desfavoráveis, ou seja, regra geral, combinando os movimentos.
(NL) 4.1.2.3. Mechanische sterkte
De machines, de hijs- en hefgereedschappen en de verwijderbare delen moeten bestand zijn tegen de belastingen waaraan zij in en eventueel buiten bedrijf en in alle mogelijke desbetreffende configuraties worden onderworpen onder door de fabrikant voorziene installatie- en exploitatievoorwaarden, waarbij in voorkomend geval rekening wordt gehouden met de effecten van weerfactoren en door personen uitgeoefende krachten. Aan deze eis moet ook gedurende het vervoer, het monteren en het demonteren worden voldaan.
De machines en de hijs- en hefgereedschappen moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat er, rekening houdend met het gebruik, geen defecten ten gevolge van moeheid of slijtage optreden.
De keuze van de voor het werktuig gebruikte materialen moet zijn afgestemd op de door de fabrikant verwachte gebruiksomstandigheden, met name waar het gaat om corrosie, slijtage, schokken, brosheid bij lage temperaturen en veroudering.
De machine en de hijs- en hefgereedschappen moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat zij de overbelasting waaraan zij bij statische beproeving worden blootgesteld, zonder blijvende vervorming of kennelijk defect kunnen doorstaan. Bij de berekening moet gebruik worden gemaakt van de waarden van de statische beproevingscoëfficiënt, die zodanig wordt gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt heeft in het algemeen de volgende waarden:
a) met mankracht bediende machines en hijs- en hefgereedschappen: de proeflast is gelijk aan 1,5 maal de werklast;
b) andere machines: 1,25.
De machines moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat zij zonder defect de dynamische proeven, die worden verricht met de werklast vermenigvuldigd met de dynamische beproevingscoëfficiënt, kunnen doorstaan. Deze dynamische beproevingscoëfficiënt wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; hij bedraagt in het algemeen 1,1.
De dynamische proeven moeten worden uitgevoerd op de machine die gereed is onder normale gebruiksomstandigheden in gebruik te worden genomen. Deze proeven worden in het algemeen uitgevoerd met de door de fabrikant aangegeven nominale snelheden. Wanneer de stuurstroomkring van de machine meerdere gelijktijdige bewegingen toelaat (bijvoorbeeld draaien en verplaatsen van de last), moet de proef worden uitgevoerd onder de ongunstigste omstandigheden, hetgeen in het algemeen het geval is wanneer de bewegingen worden gecombineerd.
(EN) 4.1.2.4. Pulleys, drums, chains or ropes
Pulleys, drums and wheels must have a diameter commensurate with the size of rope or chains with which they can be fitted. Drums and wheels must be so designed, constructed and installed that the ropes or chains with which they are equipped can wind round without falling off.
Ropes used directly for lifting or supporting the load must not include any splicing other than at their ends (splicings are tolerated in installations which are intended from their design to be modified regularly according to needs of use). Complete ropes and their endings have a working coefficient chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; as a general rule, this coefficient is equal to five.
Lifting chains have a working coefficient chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; as a general rule, this coefficient is equal to four.
In order to verify that an adequate working coefficient has been attained, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must, for each type of chain and rope used directly for lifting the load, and for the rope ends, perform the appropriate tests or have such tests performed.
(PT) 4.1.2.4. Roldanas, tambores, correntes ou cabos
Os diâmetros das roldanas, tambores e rolos devem ser compatíveis com as dimensões dos cabos ou correntes com os quais possam estar equipados.
Os tambores e rolos devem ser concebidos, construídos e instalados de modo a que os cabos ou correntes com que estão equipados se possam enrolar sem abandonar lateralmente o alojamento previsto.
Os cabos utilizados directamente para elevação ou suporte da carga não devem apresentar qualquer empalme, excepto nas extremidades (os empalmes são tolerados nas instalações destinadas desde a sua concepção a serem periodicamente modificadas em função das necessidades de exploração). O coeficiente de utilização do conjunto cabo e terminação é escolhido de modo a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 5.
O coeficiente de utilização das correntes de elevação é escolhido de modo a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 4.
A fim de verificar se é atingido o coeficiente de utilização adequado, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve efectuar ou mandar efectuar os testes adequados para cada tipo de corrente e de cabo utilizado directamente para a elevação da carga e para cada tipo de terminação de cabo.
(NL) 4.1.2.4. Schijven, trommels, kettingen en kabels
De diameter van de schijven, trommels en rollen moet zijn afgestemd op de afmetingen van de kabels of kettingen waarmee zij kunnen worden uitgerust.
De trommels en schijven moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen, geconstrueerd en aangebracht dat de kabels of kettingen waarmee zij zijn uitgerust, kunnen worden opgewonden zonder dat zij er zijdelings aflopen.
De rechtstreeks lasten dragende kabels mogen alleen aan de uiteinden een splits hebben (splitsen zijn toegestaan in installaties die erop gebouwd zijn regelmatig aan andere gebruiksdoeleinden te worden aangepast). De gebruikscoëfficiënt van kabel en uiteinden wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adquaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 5.
De gebruikscoëfficiënt van de hijskettingen wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 4.
Om te verifiëren of de adequate gebruikscoëfficiënt wordt bereikt, moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde voor elk rechtstreeks voor het hijsen van de last gebruikte type ketting en kabel en voor elk type kabeluiteinde de passende proeven verrichten of laten verrichten.
(EN) 4.1.2.5. Separate lifting accessories
Lifting accessories must be sized with due regard to fatigue and ageing processes for a number of operating cycles consistent with their expected life-span as specified in the operating conditions for a given application.
Moreover:
(a) the working coefficient of the metallic rope/rope-end combination is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; this coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to five. Ropes must not comprise any splices or loops other than at their ends;
(b) where chains with welded links are used, they must be of the short-link type. The working coefficient of chains of any type is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; this coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to four;
(c) the working coefficient for textile ropes or slings is dependent on the material, method of manufacture, dimensions and use. This coefficient is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; it is, as a general rule, equal to seven, provided the materials used are shown to be of very good quality and the method of manufacture is appropriate to the intended use.
Should this not be the case, the coefficient is, as a general rule, set at a higher level in order to secure an equivalent level of safety.
Textile ropes and slings must not include any knots, connections or splicing other than at the ends of the sling, except in the case of an endless sling;
(d) all metallic components making up, or used with, a sling must have a working coefficient chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; this coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to four;
(e) the maximum working capacity of a multilegged sling is determined on the basis of the safety
coefficient of the weakest leg, the number of legs and a reduction factor which depends on the slinging configuration;
(f) in order to verify that an adequate working coefficient has been attained, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must, for each type of component reffered to in (a), (b), (c) and (d) perform the appropriate tests or have such tests performed.
(PT) 4.1.2.5. Acessórios de lingagem
Os acessórios de lingagem devem ser dimensionados tendo em conta os fenómenos de fadiga e de envelhecimento que decorrem de um certo número de ciclos de funcionamento, dependendo do tempo de vida previsto nas condições de serviço especificadas para a aplicação prevista.
Além disso:
a) O coeficiente de utilização do conjunto cabo metálico e terminação é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 5. Os cabos não devem ter nenhum empalme ou sapata além dos das extremidades;
b) Quando forem utilizadas correntes de elos soldados, estas devem ser do tipo de elos curtos. O coeficiente de utilização das correntes, qualquer que seja o seu tipo, é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 4;
c) O coeficiente de utilização dos cabos ou correias de fibras têxteis depende do material, do processo de fabrico, das dimensões e da utilização. Este coeficiente é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 7, com a condição de que os materiais utilizados sejam de muito boa qualidade controlada e que o processo de fabrico seja apropriado às condições de utilização previstas. No caso contrário, é, regra geral, mais elevado, a fim de proporcionar um nível de segurança equivalente.
Os cabos ou correias de fibras têxteis não devem ter qualquer nó, empalme ou ligação além dos das extremidades da lingagem ou do fecho de um cabo de lingagem sem fim;
d) O coeficiente de utilização de todos os componentes metálicos de uma linga, ou utilizados com uma linga, é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 4;
e) A capacidade máxima de utilização de um cabo de lingagem de fios múltiplos é determinada tendo em conta a capacidade máxima de utilização do fio mais fraco, o número de fios e um factor minorante que depende do modo de lingagem;
f) A fim de verificar se o coeficiente de utilização adequado é atingido, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve efectuar ou mandar efectuar os testes adequados para cada tipo de componente a que se referem as alíneas a), b), c) e d).
(NL) 4.1.2.5. Hijs- of hefhulpstukken
Bij de bemeting van de hijs- of hefhulpstukken moet rekening zijn gehouden met moeheids- en verouderingsverschijnselen over een met de beoogde levensduur overeenkomend aantal bedrijfscycli onder de bedrijfsomstandigheden die voor de aangegeven toepassing zijn gespecificeerd.
Bovendien geldt het volgende:
a) de gebruikscoëfficiënt van het geheel van metalen kabel en kabeluiteinden moet zodanig worden gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 5. De kabels mogen alleen aan de uiteinden een splits of lus hebben;
b) wanneer kettingen van gelaste schalmen worden gebruikt, moeten deze van het type met korte schalmen zijn. De gebruikscoëfficiënt van de kettingen wordt ongeacht het type zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 4;
c) de gebruikscoëfficiënt van kabels of banden van textielvezel hangt af van het materiaal, de wijze van vervaardiging, de afmetingen en het gebruik. De coëfficiënt moet zodanig worden gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 7, op voorwaarde dat de gebruikte materialen van een zeer goede, gecontroleerde kwaliteit zijn en dat de wijze van vervaardiging geschikt is voor de beoogde gebruiksomstandigheden.
Indien zulks niet het geval is, heeft de coëfficiënt in het algemeen een hogere waarde om een gelijkwaardig veiligheidsniveau te bieden.
Kabels of banden van textielvezel mogen geen knopen, splitsen of verbindingen hebben,
behalve dan aan het uiteinde van de strop of aan de verbinding van een strop zonder einde;
d) de gebruikscoëfficiënt van alle metalen delen van een strop, of de in combinatie met een strop gebruikte metalen delen, wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is
gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 4;
e) het maximumdraagvermogen van een meerwegstrop wordt berekend op basis van het maximumdraagvermogen van de zwakste draad, het aantal draden en een verminderingsfactor die afhangt van de wijze waarop de strop wordt gebruikt;
f) om te verifiëren of de adequate gebruikscoëfficiënt wordt bereikt, moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde voor elk van de onder a), b), c) en d) genoemde typen onderdelen de passende proeven verrichten of laten verrichten.
(EN) 4.1.2.6. Control of movements
Devices for controlling movements must act in such a way that the machinery on which they are installed is kept safe:
(a) machinery must be so designed or fitted with devices that the amplitude of movement of its components is kept within the specified limits. The operation of such devices must, where appropriate, be preceded by a warning;
(b) where several fixed or rail-mounted machines can be manoeuvred simultaneously in the same place, with risks of collision, such machines must be so designed and constructed as to make it possible to fit systems enabling these risks to be avoided;
(c) the mechanisms of machinery must be so designed and constructed that the loads cannot creep dangerously or fall freely and unexpectedly, even in the event of partial or total failure of the power supply or when the operator stops operating the machine;
(d) it must not be possible, under normal operating conditions, to lower the load solely by friction brake, except in the case of machinery whose function requires it to operate in that way;
(e) holding devices must be so designed and constructed that inadvertent dropping of the loads is avoided.
(PT) 4.1.2.6. Controlo dos movimentos
Os dispositivos de controlo dos movimentos devem actuar de forma a conservar a máquina sobre a qual estão instalados numa situação de segurança:
a) As máquinas devem ser concebidas ou equipadas com dispositivos que mantenham a amplitude dos movimentos dos seus elementos dentro dos limites previstos. O funcionamento destes dispositivos deve, se for caso disso, ser precedido de um aviso;
b) Quando várias máquinas fixas ou instaladas sobre carris puderem evoluir simultaneamente, com riscos de choque, as referidas máquinas devem ser concebidas e fabricadas de modo a poderem ser equipadas com sistemas que permitam evitar tais riscos;
c) Os mecanismos das máquinas devem ser concebidos e construídos de modo a que as cargas não possam deslocar-se de forma perigosa ou cair intempestivamente em queda livre, em caso de falta parcial ou total de energia ou quando cessar a acção do operador;
d) Excepto para as máquinas cujo trabalho exija tal aplicação, não deve ser possível, nas condições normais de funcionamento, descer a carga apenas sob o controlo de um freio de atrito;
e) Os órgãos de preensão devem ser concebidos e construídos de modo a evitarem a queda intempestiva das cargas.
(NL) 4.1.2.6. Beheersing van de bewegingen
De inrichtingen voor het beheersen van de bewegingen dienen zodanig te werken dat de machine waarop zij zijn aangebracht, veilig blijft.
a) De machines moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen of zijn uitgerust met inrichtingen dat de amplitude van de bewegingen van hun componenten binnen de daarvoor vastgestelde grenzen blijft. Een waarschuwingssignaal moet in voorkomend geval aankondigen dat die inrichtingen in werking treden.
b) Wanneer meerdere vaste of op rails voortbewogen machines tegelijkertijd bewegingen kunnen uitvoeren waarbij kans op botsingen bestaat, moeten zij zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat zij kunnen worden uitgerust met systemen waarmee dit gevaar kan worden vermeden.
c) De mechanismen van de machines moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat de lasten niet op gevaarlijke wijze uit hun baan of onverwachts in een vrije val kunnen geraken, wanneer de krachtbron geheel of gedeeltelijk uitvalt of wanneer de bediener de bediening stopzet.
d) Behoudens bij machines waarvan het werk een dergelijke toepassing nodig maakt, mag het niet mogelijk zijn onder normale bedrijfsomstandigheden de last uitsluitend met gebruikmaking van de frictierem te laten zakken.
e) De grijporganen moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat een onverwacht vallen van de last wordt vermeden.
(EN) 4.1.2.7. Handling of loads
The driving position of machinery must be located in such a way as to ensure the widest possible view of trajectories of the moving parts, in order to avoid possible collisions with persons or equipment or other machinery which might be manoeuvring at the same time and liable to constitute a hazard.
Machinery with guided loads fixed in one place must be designed and constructed so as to prevent exposed persons from being hit by the load or the counter-weights.
(PT) 4.1.2.7. Riscos devidos às cargas movimentadas
A implantação do posto de condução das máquinas deve permitir vigiar o melhor possível as trajectórias dos elementos em movimento para evitar os possíveis embates com pessoas ou materiais ou com outras máquinas que possam encontrar-se simultaneamente em movimento e susceptíveis de representarem um perigo.
As máquinas de carga guiada instaladas de modo fixo devem ser concebidas e construídas de modo a evitar que as pessoas expostas sejam atingidas pela carga ou pelos contrapesos.
(NL) 4.1.2.7. Gevaren bij de behandeling van lasten
De bedieningspost van de machines moet zich op een plaats bevinden waar het zicht op de baan van de bewegende delen zo goed mogelijk is om mogelijk gevaar opleverende botsingen met personen of materieel of andere machines die tegelijkertijd kunnen bewegen, te voorkomen.
Niet-mobiele machines met geleide last moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat wordt voorkomen dat personen de kans lopen door de last of door het contragewicht te worden geraakt.
(EN) 4.1.2.8. Lightning
Machinery in need of protection against the effects of lightning while being used must be fitted with a system for conducting the resultant electrical charges to earth.
(PT) 4.1.2.8. Riscos devidos a raios
As máquinas que possam estar expostas aos efeitos dos raios durante a sua utilização devem ser equipadas de modo a escoar para o solo as cargas eléctricas resultantes.
(NL) 4.1.2.8. Gevaar door blikseminslag
Wanneer tijdens het gebruik van de machines kans op blikseminslag bestaat, moeten zij zodanige voorzieningen hebben dat de door de bliksem veroorzaakte elektrische ladingen naar de grond worden afgevoerd.
4.2. Special requirements for machinery whose power source is other than manual effort / Exigências específicas para os aparelhos movidos por uma energia diferente da força humana / Bijzondere voorschriften voor andere dan handgedreven werktuigen
4.2.1. Controls / Comandos / Bedieningsorganen
(EN) 4.2.1.1. Driving position
The requirements laid down in section 3.2.1 also apply to non-mobile machinery
(PT) 4.2.1.1. Posto de comando
Os requisitos previstos no ponto 3.2.1 aplicam-se igualmente às máquinas não móveis
(NL) 4.2.1.1. Bedieningspost
De voorschriften van punt 3.2.1 zijn tevens van toepassing op niet-mobiele machines.
(EN) 4.2.1.2. Seating
The requirements laid down in section 3.2.2, first and second paragraphs, and those laid down in section 3.2.3 also apply to non-mobile machinery.
(PT) 4.2.1.2. Banco
Os requisitos previstos no primeiro e segundo parágrafos do ponto 3.2.2, assim como no ponto 3.2.3, aplicam-se igualmente às máquinas não móveis.
(NL) 4.2.1.2. Zitplaats
De voorschriften van punt 3.2.2, eerste en tweede alinea, alsmede van punt 3.2.3, zijn tevens van toepassing op niet-mobiele machines.
(EN) 4.2.1.3. Control devices
The devices controlling movements of the machinery or its equipment must return to their neutral position as soon as they are released by the operator. However, for partial or complete movements in which there is no risk of the load or the machinery colliding, the said devices may be replaced by controls authorising automatic stops at preselected levels without holding a hold-to-run control device.
(PT) 4.2.1.3. Órgãos de comando dos movimentos
Os órgãos de comando dos movimentos da máquina ou dos seus equipamentos devem regressar à posição neutra logo que cesse a acção do operador. Porém, no que se refere aos movimentos, parciais ou totais, em relação aos quais não há riscos de choque com a carga ou com a máquina, esses órgãos podem ser substituídos por órgãos de comando que permitam movimentos com paragens automáticas a níveis pré-seleccionados sem manutenção da acção do operador.
(NL) 4.2.1.3. Organen waarmee de bewegingen worden bestuurd
De bedieningsorganen waarmee de bewegingen van de machine of de uitrusting daarvan worden bestuurd, moeten in de neutrale stand terugkeren zodra de bediener ze loslaat. Voor bewegingen van het gehele werktuig of een deel daarvan waarbij geen gevaar bestaat dat de last of de machine ergens tegenaan stoot, kunnen bovengenoemde organen worden vervangen door bedieningsorganen die bewegingen toelaten met automatische stilstand op van tevoren ingestelde niveaus, zonder dat de bediener de bedieningsorganen ingeschakeld houdt.
(EN) 4.2.1.4. Loading control
Machinery with a maximum working load of not less than 1 000 kilograms or an overturning moment of not less than 40 000 Nm must be fitted with devices to warn the driver and prevent dangerous movements of the load in the event of:
— overloading the machinery:
— either as a result of maximum working loads being exceeded, or
— as a result of the moments due to the loads being exceeded,
— the moments conducive to overturning being exceeded as a result of the load being lifted.
(PT) 4.2.1.4. Controlo das solicitações
As máquinas cuja carga máxima de utilização seja pelo menos igual a 1 000 kg ou cujo momento de derrube seja pelo menos igual a 40 000 Nm devem ser equipadas com dispositivos que advirtam o condutor e impeçam movimentos perigosos da carga em questão:
— de sobrecarga das máquinas:
— quer por serem excedidas as cargas máximas de utilização,
— quer por serem excedidos os momentos devidos a essas cargas;
— de serem excedidos os momentos tendentes ao derrube, nomeadamente devido à carga
levantada.
(NL) 4.2.1.4. Belastingsbegrenzing
De machines waarvan de werklast ten minste 1 000 kg of het kantelmoment ten minste
40 000 Nm bedraagt, moeten zijn uitgerust met inrichtingen die de bestuurder waarschuwen en gevaarlijke bewegingen van de last voorkomen in geval van:
— overbelasting van de machines door:
— een te zware werklast, of
— een te groot moment als gevolg van deze last;
— overschrijding van de momenten die naar kanteling streven bij het hijsen of heffen van een last.
(EN) 4.2.2. Installation guided by cables
Cable carriers, tractors or tractor carriers must be held by counter-weights or by a device allowing permanent control of the tension.
(PT) 4.2.2. Instalação guiada por cabos
Os cabos portadores, tractores ou portadores-tractores devem ser esticados por contrapesos ou por um dispositivo que permita controlar permanentemente a tensão.
(NL) 4.2.2. Door kabels geleide installatie
De draag-, trek- of draag-trekkabels moeten worden gespannen door een contragewicht of door een inrichting waarmee de spanning permanent kan worden geregeld.
(EN) 4.2.3. Risks to exposed persons. Means of access to driving position and intervention points
Machinery with guided loads and machinery whose load supports follow a clearly defined path must be equipped with devices to prevent any risks to exposed persons.
Machinery serving specific levels at which operators can gain access to the load platform in order to stack or secure the load must be designed and constructed to prevent uncontrolled movement of the load platform, in particular while being loaded or unloaded.
(PT) 4.2.3. Riscos para as pessoas expostas. Meios de acesso ao posto de trabalho ou aos pontos de intervenção
As máquinas de carga guiada e as máquinas em que os suportes da carga sigam um percurso bem definido devem estar equipadas com dispositivos que evitem os riscos para as pessoas expostas.
As máquinas que sirvam níveis definidos e em cujo suporte de carga possam penetrar operadores para dispor ou arrimar a carga devem ser concebidas e construídas de modo a evitar qualquer deslocação não controlada do suporte da carga, nomeadamente, quando se procede ao seu carregamento ou descarregamento.
(NL) 4.2.3. Gevaren voor de blootgestelde personen. Toegangen tot de werkplek of tot plaatsen waar moet worden gewerkt
Machines met geleide last en machines waarvoor de ondersteuningen van de last een welbepaalde baan volgen, moeten zijn uitgerust met inrichtingen die gevaren voor de blootgestelde personen voorkomen.
Machines die bepaalde stopplaatsen bedienen en waarvan bedieners het hefvlak kunnen betreden om de last te schikken of vast te zetten, moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat een ongecontroleerde verplaatsing van het hefvlak, met name bij het laden of het lossen, wordt voorkomen.
(EN) 4.2.4. Fitness for purpose
When machinery is placed on the market or is first put into service, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must ensure, by taking appropriate measures or having them taken, that lifting accessories and machinery which are ready for use — whether manually or power-operated — can fulfil their specified functions safely. The said measures must take into account the static and dynamic aspects of the machinery.
Where the machinery cannot be assembled in the manufacturer’s premises, or in the premises of his authorised representative established within the Community, appropriate measures must be taken at the place of use. Otherwise, the measures may be taken either in the manufacturer’s premises or at the place of use.
(PT) 4.2.4. Aptidão para o emprego
O fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, certificar-se-á na ocasião da colocação no mercado ou da primeira colocação em serviço, por meio de medidas adequadas que tome ou mande tomar, de que os acessórios de elevação e as máquinas prontos para serem utilizados, quer sejam de operação manual ou de operação motorizada, podem executar as funções previstas com toda a segurança. As referidas medidas devem levar em conta os aspectos estáticos e dinâmicos das máquinas.
Quando as máquinas não possam ser montadas nas instalações do fabricante, ou do seu
mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, as medidas adequadas devem ser tomadas no local de utilização. Caso contrário, podem ser tomadas quer nas instalações do fabricante quer no local de utilização.
(NL) 4.2.4. Geschiktheid voor gebruik
De fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde gaat bij het in de handel brengen of tijdens de eerste inbedrijfstelling met passende maatregelen die hij verricht of laat verrichten, na of de hijs- of hefgereedschappen en de gebruiksklare machines, zowel handbediende als gemotoriseerde, hun opgegeven functies volledig veilig kunnen verrichten. Bij die maatregelen moeten de
statische en dynamische aspecten van de machines in aanmerking worden genomen.
Wanneer de machines niet in de ruimten van de fabrikant of van zijn in de Gemeenschap
gevestigde gemachtigde kunnen worden gemonteerd, moeten de passende maatregelen worden getroffen op de plaats van gebruik. In het tegengestelde geval, kunnen zij worden getroffen hetzij in de ruimten van de fabrikant hetzij op de plaats van gebruik.
4.3. Marking / Marcação / Merktekens
(EN) 4.3.1. Chains and ropes
Each length of lifting chain, rope or webbing not forming part of an assembly must bear a mark or, where this is not possible, a plate or irremovable ring bearing the name and address of the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community and the identifying reference of the relevant certificate.
The certificate should show the information required by the harmonised standards or, should those not exist, at least the following information:
— the name of the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community,
— the address within the Community of the manufacturer or his authorised representative, as appropriate,
— a description of the chain or rope which includes:
— its nominal size,
— its construction,
— the material from which it is made, and
— any special metallurgical treatment applied to the material,
— if tested, the standard used,
— a maximum load to which the chain or rope should be subjected in service. A range of values may be given for specified applications.
(PT) 4.3.1. Correntes e cabos
Cada porção de corrente, cabo ou correia de elevação que não faça parte de um conjunto deve ostentar uma marca, ou, quando tal não for possível, uma placa ou anel inamovível com referências sobre o fabricante ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade e com a identificação do respectivo certificado.
O certificado deve conter as indicações prescritas pelas normas harmonizadas, ou, na sua falta, as indicações mínimas seguintes:
— o nome do fabricante ou do seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade,
— o endereço na Comunidade do fabricante ou do seu mandatário, conforme o caso,
— uma descrição da corrente ou do cabo, incluindo:
— as suas dimensões nominais,
— a sua construção,
— o material de fabrico,
— qualquer tratamento metalúrgico especial a que o material tenha sido submetido,
— em caso de ensaio, a indicação da norma utilizada,
— a carga máxima a suportar em serviço pela corrente ou cabo. Pode ser indicada uma escala de valores em função das aplicações previstas.
(NL) 4.3.1. Kettingen en kabels
Iedere complete hijsketting, -kabel of -band die geen deel uitmaakt van een geheel, moet voorzien zijn van een merkteken, of indien dit niet mogelijk is, van een plaatje of een niet-verwijderbare ring waarop de gegevens van de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde vermeld staan, alsmede de identificatie van de desbetreffende verklaring. De verklaring moet de volgens de geharmoniseerde normen vereiste gegevens bevatten, of de volgende minimumgegevens, indien genoemde normen ontbreken:
— de naam van de fabrikant of van zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde;
— het adres in de Gemeenschap van de fabrikant of gemachtigde, naar gelang van het geval;
— een beschrijving van de ketting of de kabel met vermelding van:
— de nominale afmetingen,
— de constructie,
— het fabricagemateriaal,
— speciale metallurgische behandelingen van het materiaal;
— in geval van een test, de toegepaste norm;
— de hoogste bedrijfsbelasting van de ketting of de kabel. Naar gelang van de beoogde
toepassingen kan een reeks van waarden worden aangegeven.
(EN) 4.3.2. Lifting accessories
All lifting accessories must show the following particulars:
— identification of the manufacturer,
— identification of the material (e.g. international classification) where this information is needed for dimensional compatibility,
— identification of the maximum working load,
— CE marking.
In the case of accessories including components such as cables or ropes, on which marking is physically impossible, the particulars referred to in the first paragraph must be displayed on a plate or by some other means and securely affixed to the accessory. The particulars must be legible and located in a place where they are not liable to disappear as a result of machining, wear, etc., or jeopardise the strength of the accessory.
(PT) 4.3.2. Acessórios de elevação
Cada acessório de elevação deve ostentar as seguintes marcas:
— identificação do fabricante,
— identificação dos materiais (por exemplo, classe internacional), quando essa informação for necessária para a compatibilidade dimensional,
— identificação da carga máxima de utilização,
— marcação «CE».
Para os acessórios de lingagem que incluam componentes tais como cabos e cordas cuja marcação seja materialmente impossível, as informações referidas no primeiro parágrafo devem ser fornecidas numa placa ou por outros meios solidamente fixados ao acessório. Estas indicações devem ser legíveis e colocadas num local tal que não corram o risco de desaparecer por maquinagem, desgaste, etc., ou de comprometer a resistência do acessório.
(NL) 4.3.2. Hijs- en hefgereedschappen
Op ieder hijs- en hefgereedschap moeten de volgende merktekens zijn aangebracht:
— identificatie van de fabrikant;
— identificatie van het materiaal (bijvoorbeeld: internationale klasse) wanneer deze informatie nodig is met het oog op de verenigbaarheid van de afmetingen;
— identificatie van de werklast;
— de CE-markering.
Voor hijs- of hefhulpstukken die componenten omvatten als kabels of touwwerk waarop het aanbrengen van een merkteken materieel onmogelijk is, moeten de in de eerste alinea bedoelde gegevens vermeld worden op een plaat of met andere stevig op het gereedschap bevestigde middelen.
Deze gegevens moeten leesbaar zijn en op een zodanige plaats zijn aangebracht dat er geen gevaar bestaat dat zij door bewerkingen, slijtage enz. verdwijnen of dat de sterkte van het gereedschap erdoor wordt aangetast.
(EN) 4.3.3. Machinery
In addition to the minimum information provided for in 1.7.3, each machine must bear, legibly and indelibly, information concerning the nominal load:
(i) displayed in uncoded form and prominently on the equipment in the case of machinery which has only one possible value;
(ii) where the nominal load depends on the configuration of the machine, each driving position must be provided with a load plate indicating, preferably in diagrammatic form or by means of tables, the nominal loads for each configuration.
Machinery equipped with a load support which allows access to persons and involves a risk of falling must bear a clear and indelible warning prohibiting the lifting of persons. This warning must be visible at each place where access is possible.
(PT) 4.3.3. Máquinas
Cada máquina deve ostentar, de modo legível e durável, para além das indicações mínimas referidas no ponto 1.7.3, indicações relativas à carga nominal:
i) Indicada claramente, de forma bem visível sobre o aparelho, para as máquinas que só tenham um valor possível;
ii) Quando a carga nominal depender da configuração da máquina, cada posto de condução deve estar equipado com uma placa de cargas que indique, sob a forma de esquemas, e, eventualmente, de quadros, as cargas nominais para cada configuração.
As máquinas equipadas com um suporte de carga cujas dimensões permitam o acesso de pessoas e cuja deslocação envolva o risco de queda devem ostentar uma indicação clara e indelével proibindo a elevação de pessoas. Esta indicação deve ser visível em todos os locais que permitam o acesso.
(NL) 4.3.3. Machines
Op elke machine moeten behalve de in punt 1.7.3 voorgeschreven gegevens de volgende gegevens over de nominale last onuitwisbaar en goed leesbaar vermeld staan:
i) bij machines waarvoor maar één waarde kan worden vermeld, moet deze ongecodeerd en op het werktuig goed zichtbaar staan aangegeven;
ii) wanneer de nominale last afhangt van de configuratie van de machine, moet elke bedieningspost voorzien zijn van een plaatje dat in tabelvorm of schetsmatig de werklast voor elke configuratie vermeldt.
Op machines die zijn uitgerust met een hefvlak dat door zijn afmetingen toegankelijk is voor personen, en waarvan de vlucht het risico van vallen inhoudt, moet duidelijk en onuitwisbaar vermeld staan dat het heffen van personen verboden is. Deze vermelding moet duidelijk zichtbaar zijn aangebracht op alle plaatsen die toegang bieden.
4.4. Instruction handbook / Manual de instruções / Gebruiksaanwijzing
(EN) 4.4.1. Lifting accessories
Each lifting accessory or each commercially indivisible batch of lifting accessories must be accompanied with an instruction handbook setting out at least the following particulars:
— normal conditions of use,
— instructions for use, assembly and maintenance,
— the limits of use (particularly for the accessories which cannot comply with 4.1.2.6(e)).
(PT) 4.4.1. Acessórios de elevação
Cada acessório de elevação ou cada lote comercialmente indivisível de acessórios de elevação deve ser acompanhado de um manual de instruções que dê, no mínimo, as seguintes indicações:
— condições normais de utilização,
— instruções de utilização, montagem e manutenção,
— limites de emprego, nomeadamente no que diz respeito aos acessórios que não possam
satisfazer a alínea e) do ponto 4.1.2.6.
(NL) 4.4.1. Hijs- en hefgereedschappen
Ieder hijs- en hefgereedschap of iedere commercieel ondeelbare partij hijs- of hefgereedschappen moet vergezeld gaan van een gebruiksaanwijzing die ten minste de volgende gegevens bevat:
— de normale gebruiksvoorwaarden;
— aanwijzingen voor gebruik, montage en onderhoud;
— de bruikbaarheidsgrenzen, met name voor gereedschappen die niet aan punt 4.1.2.6, onder e), kunnen voldoen.
(EN) 4.4.2. Machinery
In addition to section 1.7.4, the instruction handbook must include the following information:
(a) the technical characteristics of the machinery, and in particular:
— where appropriate, a copy of the load table described in section 4.3.3(ii),
— the reactions at the supports or anchors and characteristics of the tracks,
— where appropriate, the definition and the means of installation of the ballast;
(b) the contents of the logbook, if the latter is not supplied with the machinery;
(c) advice for use, particularly to offset the lack of direct sight of the load by the operator;
(d) the necessary instructions for performing the tests before first putting into service machinery which is not assembled on the manufacturer’s premises in the form in which it is to be used.
(PT) 4.4.2. Máquinas
Em complemento do ponto 1.7.4, o manual de instruções deve incluir indicações relativas:
a) Às características técnicas, nomeadamente:
— se for caso disso, uma repetição do quadro de cargas definido na alínea ii) do ponto 4.3.3,
— as reacções nos apoios e nas fixações e as características das vias,
— se for caso disso, a definição e os meios de instalação dos lastros;
b) Ao conteúdo do livrete de acompanhamento da máquina, se não for fornecido com a
máquina;
c) Aos conselhos de utilização, nomeadamente para remediar as insuficiências de visão directa da carga pelo operador;
d) Às instruções necessárias para efectuar as provas antes da primeira colocação em serviço das máquinas que não sejam montadas nas instalações do fabricante, na sua configuração de utilização.
(NL) 4.4.2. Machines
Naast het in punt 1.7.4 genoemde moet de gebruiksaanwijzing gegevens bevatten omtrent:
a) de technische kenmerken, met name:
— zo nodig een herhaling van de tabel van de in punt 4.3.3, onder ii), aangegeven lasten,
— de op steun- en bevestigingspunten uitgeoefende krachten en de kenmerken van de
banen,
— zo nodig een omschrijving van de ballast en de manieren om deze aan te brengen;
b) de inhoud van het onderhoudsboekje voor de machine, indien dit niet bij de machine wordt meegeleverd;
c) de werkwijze die moet worden gevolgd indien het rechtstreeks zicht dat de bediener op de last heeft, niet toereikend is;
d) de nodige instructies voor het verrichten van de proeven vóór de eerste inbedrijfstelling van machines die niet gebruiksklaar bij de fabrikant worden gemonteerd.
The provisions of the new Directive (2006/42/EC) become applicable on 29th December 2009. Until that date, the provisions of the current Machinery Directive 98/37/EC continue to apply.
You can download the new Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC here:
- 2006/42/EC English, Inglês, Engels
- 2006/42/EC Portuguese, Português, Portugees
- 2006/42/EC Dutch, Holandês, Nederlands
If you want to download the actual Machinery Directive 98/37/CE:
- DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
- DIRECTIVA 98/37/CE DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU E DO CONSELHO
- RICHTLIJN 98/37/EG VAN HET EUROPEES PARLEMENT EN DE RAAD
(EN) 4. ESSENTIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS TO OFFSET THE PARTICULAR HAZARDS DUE TO A LIFTING OPERATION.
(PT) 4. EXIGÊNCIAS ESSENCIAIS DE SEGURANÇA E DE SAÚDE PARA DIMINUIR OS RISCOS ESPECÍFICOS DEVIDOS A OPERAÇÕES DE ELEVAÇÃO.
(NL) 4. FUNDAMENTELE VEILIGHEIDS- EN GEZONDHEIDSVOORSCHRIFTEN TER VERMINDERING VAN DE AAN HIJS- OF HEFVERRICHTINGEN VERBONDEN BIJZONDERE GEVAREN.
(EN) Machinery presenting hazards due to lifting operations — mainly hazards of load falls and collisions or hazards of tipping caused by a lifting operation — must be designed and constructed to meet the requirements set out below.
Risks due to a lifting operation exist particularly in the case of machinery designed to move a unit load involving a change in level during the movement. The load may consist of objects, materials or goods.
(PT) As máquinas que apresentem riscos devidos a operações de elevação, principalmente riscos de queda de carga, de colisões de carga ou de basculamento devido à movimentação da carga, devem ser concebidas e fabricadas de modo a satisfazer as exigências seguidamente enunciadas. Estes riscos existem nomeadamente no caso das máquinas cuja função consiste em deslocar cargas unitárias com mudança de nível durante a deslocação. A carga pode ser constituída por objectos, materiais ou mercadorias.
(NL) Machines die aan hijs- of hefverrichtingen verbonden gevaar opleveren, vooral gevaar voor vallende of botsende lasten of voor kantelen ten gevolge van de behandeling van een last, moeten zo zijn ontworpen en gebouwd dat zij aan de volgende eisen voldoen. Genoemde gevaren bestaan vooral bij machines voor de verplaatsing van een stuklast, wanneer die verplaatsing gepaard gaat met een verandering van niveau. De last kan bestaan uit voorwerpen, materialen of goederen.
4.1. General remarks / Generalidades / Algemeen
4.1.1. Definitions / Definições / Definities
(EN) (a) 'lifting accessories' means components or equipment not attached to the machine and placed between the machinery and the load or on the load in order to attach it;
(PT) (a) 'Acessórios de elevação' os componentes ou equipamentos não ligados à máquina e colocados entre a máquina e a carga, ou sobre a carga, para permitirem a sua preensão;
(NL) (a) 'hijs- of hefgereedschappen' niet vast met de machine verbonden onderdelen of inrichtingen die tussen de machine en de last of op de last worden geplaatst om deze te kunnen opnemen;
(EN) (b) 'separate lifting accessories' means accessories which help to make up or use a slinging device, such as eyehooks, shackles, rings, eyebolts, etc.;
(PT) (b) 'Acessórios de lingagem' os acessórios de elevação que se destinam à confecção ou utilização de lingadas, como ganchos com olhal, manilhas, anéis, anéis com haste, etc.;
(NL) (b) 'hijs- of hefhulpstukken' hijs- of hefgereedschappen die dienen voor de vervaardiging of het gebruik van een strop, bijvoorbeeld ooghaken, sluitingen, touwringen, oogbouten enz.;
(EN) (c) 'guided load' means the load where the total movement is made along rigid or flexible guides, whose position is determined by fixed points;
(PT) (c) 'Carga guiada' a carga cuja deslocação total se realiza ao longo de guias materializadas, rígidas ou flexíveis, cuja posição no espaço é determinada por pontos fixos;
(NL) (c) 'geleide last' last waarvan de volledige verplaatsing gebeurt langs uit stijf of soepel materiaal bestaande geleiders, waarvan de plaats in de ruimte door vaste punten wordt bepaald;
(EN) (d) 'working coefficient' means the arithmetic ratio between the load guaranteed by the manufacturer up to which a piece of equipment, an accessory or machinery is able to hold it and the maximum working load marked on the equipment, accessory or machinery respectively;
(PT) (d) 'Coeficiente de utilização' a relação aritmética entre a carga garantida pelo fabricante até à qual um equipamento, um acessório ou uma máquina é capaz de sustentar a carga e a carga máxima de utilização indicada no equipamento, no acessório ou na máquina, respectivamente;
(NL) (d) 'gebruikscoëfficiënt' rekenkundige verhouding tussen de door de fabrikant gegarandeerde last die door een uitrusting, gereedschap of een machine kan worden gehouden en de werklast die respectievelijk op de uitrusting, het gereedschap of de machine is aangegeven;
(EN) (e) 'test coefficient' means the arithmetic ratio between the load used to carry out the static or dynamic tests on a piece of equipment, an accessory or machinery and the maximum working load marked on the piece of equipment, accessory or machinery;
(PT) (e) 'Coeficiente de ensaio' a relação aritmética entre a carga utilizada para efectuar as provas estáticas ou dinâmicas de um equipamento, de um acessório ou de uma máquina e a carga máxima de utilização indicada no equipamento, no acessório ou na máquina, respectivamente;
(NL) (e) 'beproevingscoëfficiënt' rekenkundige verhouding tussen de last die gebruikt wordt voor de statische of dynamische beproeving van een uitrusting, gereedschap of machine en de werklast die respectievelijk op de uitrusting, het gereedschap of de machine is aangegeven;
(EN) (f) 'static test' means the test during which the machinery or the lifting accessory is first inspected and subjected to a force corresponding to the maximum working load multiplied by the appropriate static test coefficient and then re-inspected once the said load has been released to ensure no damage has occurred;
(PT) (f) 'Prova estática' o ensaio que consiste em inspeccionar a máquina ou acessório de elevação e aplicar-lhe em seguida uma força correspondente à carga máxima de utilização multiplicada por um dos coeficientes fixados no ponto 4.1.2.3 e, após ter sido retirada a força, inspeccionar novamente a máquina ou acessório, para verificar se foi provocado algum dano;
(NL) (f) 'statische beproeving' proef waarbij de machine of het hijs- of hefgereedschap wordt geïnspecteerd, daarop vervolgens een kracht wordt uitgeoefend overeenkomende met de werklast vermenigvuldigd met de passende statische beproevingscoëfficiënt, en de machine of het gereedschap na het wegnemen van de last opnieuw wordt geïnspecteerd om te controleren of er geen schade is opgetreden;
(EN) (g) 'dynamic test' means the test during which the machinery is operated in all its possible configurations at maximum working load with account being taken of the dynamic behaviour of the machinery in order to check that the machinery and safety features are functioning properly.
(PT) (g) 'Prova dinâmica' o ensaio que consiste em fazer funcionar a máquina em todas as configurações possíveis à carga máxima de utilização multiplicada por um dos coeficientes fixados no ponto 4.1.2.3 para verificar o bom funcionamento da máquina e dos seus elementos de segurança.
(NL) (g) 'dynamische beproeving' proef waarbij de machine in alle mogelijke configuraties in werking wordt gesteld met de werklast, waarbij rekening wordt gehouden met het dynamische gedrag van de machine teneinde de goede werking van machine en veiligheidsonderdelen te verifiëren.
4.1.2. Protection against mechanical hazards / Medidas de protecção contra riscos mecânicos / Maatregelen ter beveiliging tegen mechanische gevaren
(EN) 4.1.2.1. Risks due to lack of stability
Machinery must be so designed and constructed that the stability required in 1.3.1 is maintained both in service and out of service, including all stages of transportation, assembly and dismantling, during foreseeable component failures and also during the tests carried out in accordance with the instruction handbook.
To that end, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must use the appropriate verification methods; in particular, for self-propelled industrial trucks with lift exceeding 1,80 m, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must, for each type of industrial truck concerned, perform a platform stability test or similar test, or have such tests performed.
(PT) 4.1.2.1. Riscos devidos à falta de estabilidade
As máquinas devem ser concebidas e fabricadas de forma a assegurar a estabilidade exigida no ponto 1.3.1 em serviço e fora de serviço, inclusivamente durante as fases de transporte, montagem e desmontagem, durante avarias previsíveis e também durante a realização das provas, se estas forem efectuadas em conformidade com o manual de instruções. Para o efeito, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve utilizar meios de verificação apropriados; em particular em relação aos carros de manutenção automotores de elevação superior a 1,80 m, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve efectuar ou mandar efectuar, para cada tipo de carro, um teste de estabilidade sobre plataforma ou um teste similar.
(NL) 4.1.2.1. Gevaren als gevolg van onvoldoende stabiliteit
De machines moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat de in punt 1.3.1 vereiste stabiliteit gewaarborgd is tijdens en buiten bedrijf, met inbegrip van alle fasen van transport, montage en demontage, bij voorzienbare defecten en tevens tijdens de uitvoering van de proeven wanneer deze overeenkomstig de gebruiksaanwijzing worden verricht. Daartoe moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde de passende verificatiemiddelen gebruiken; in het bijzonder moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde bij gemotoriseerde transportwerktuigen met een hijs- of hefhoogte van meer dan 1,80 m voor elk type werktuig een stabiliteitsproef op platform of een soortgelijke proef
verrichten of laten verrichten.
(EN) 4.1.2.2. Guide rails and rail tracks
Machinery must be provided with devices which act on the guide rails or tracks to prevent derailment. However, if derailment occurs despite such devices, or if there is a failure of a rail or of a running component, devices must be provided which prevent the equipment, component or load from falling or the machine overturning.
(PT) 4.1.2.2. Guiamentos e caminhos de rolamento
As máquinas devem ser dotadas de dispositivos que actuem sobre os guiamentos ou caminhos de rolamento para evitar o descarrilamento. Todavia, em caso de descarrilamento, apesar da existência dos referidos dispositivos, ou em caso
de falha de um órgão de guiamento ou de rolamento, devem ser previstas medidas para impedir a queda de equipamentos, de componentes ou da carga, bem como o basculamento da máquina.
(NL) 4.1.2.2. Geleidingen en rolbanen
De machines moeten voorzieningen bezitten die inwerken op de geleidingen of rolbanen teneinde ontsporing te voorkomen. Voor ontsporing ondanks de aanwezigheid van dergelijke voorzieningen of voor een defect aan een geleiding of rolbaan moeten er voorzieningen zijn die verhinderen dat uitrustingen, onderdelen of de last vallen en dat de machine kantelt.
(EN) 4.1.2.3. Mechanical strength
Machinery, lifting accessories and removable components must be capable of withstanding the stresses to which they are subjected, both in and, where applicable, out of use, under the installation and operating conditions provided for by the manufacturer, and in all relevant configurations, with due regard, where appropriate, to the effects of atmospheric factors and forces exerted by persons. This requirement must also be satisfied during transport, assembly and dismantling.
Machinery and lifting accessories must be designed and constructed so as to prevent failure from fatigue or wear, taking due account of their intended use.
The materials used must be chosen on the basis of the working environments provided for by the manufacturer, with special reference to corrosion, abrasion, impacts, cold brittleness and ageing.
The machinery and the lifting accessories must be designed and constructed to withstand the overload in the static tests without permanent deformation or patent defect. The calculation must take account of the values of the static test coefficient chosen to guarantee an adequate level of safety: that coefficient has, as a general rule, the following values:
(a) manually-operated machinery and lifting accessories: 1,5;
(b) other machinery: 1,25.
Machinery must be designed and constructed to undergo, without failure, the dynamic tests carried out using the maximum working load multiplied by the dynamic test coefficient. This dynamic test coefficient is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety: the coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to 1,1.
The dynamic tests must be performed on machinery ready to be put into service under normal conditions of use. As a general rule, the tests will be performed at the nominal speeds laid down by the manufacturer. Should the control circuit of the machinery allow for a number of simultaneous movements (for example, rotation and displacement of the load), the tests must be carried out under the least favourable conditions, i.e. as a general rule, by combining the movements concerned.
(PT) 4.1.2.3. Resistência mecânica
As máquinas, os acessórios de elevação e os elementos amovíveis devem ser capazes de resistir às tensões a que são submetidos em serviço e, se for caso disso, fora de serviço, nas condições de instalação e de funcionamento previstas pelo fabricante e em todas as respectivas configurações, tendo em conta, se necessário, os efeitos dos agentes atmosféricos e os esforços exercidos pelas pessoas. Esta exigência deve ser igualmente observada durante o transporte, a montagem e a desmontagem.
As máquinas e os acessórios de elevação devem ser concebidos e fabricados de forma a evitar falhas devidas à fadiga ou ao desgaste inerente à utilização prevista.
Os materiais utilizados devem ser escolhidos tendo em conta os meios de utilização previstos pelo fabricante, nomeadamente no que se refere à corrosão, à abrasão, aos choques, à fragilidade, ao frio e ao envelhecimento.
As máquinas e os acessórios de elevação devem ser concebidos e construídos de modo a
suportarem sem deformações permanentes nem defeitos visíveis as sobrecargas devidas às provas estáticas. O cálculo deve ter em conta os valores de coeficiente de prova estática, que é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente tem, regra geral, os seguintes valores:
a) Máquinas movidas pela força humana e acessórios de elevação: 1,5;
b) Outras máquinas: 1,25.
As máquinas devem ser concebidas e construídas de forma a suportarem sem falhas as provas dinâmicas efectuadas com a carga máxima de utilização multiplicada pelo coeficiente de prova dinâmica. Este coeficiente de prova dinâmica é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; é, regra geral, igual a 1,1.
As provas dinâmicas devem ser efectuadas com a máquina pronta a entrar em funcionamento em condições de serviço normais. Essas provas serão efectuadas, regra geral, com as velocidades nominais definidas pelo fabricante. No caso de o circuito de comando da máquina permitir vários movimentos em simultâneo (por exemplo, rotação e deslocação da carga), as provas devem ser efectuadas nas condições mais desfavoráveis, ou seja, regra geral, combinando os movimentos.
(NL) 4.1.2.3. Mechanische sterkte
De machines, de hijs- en hefgereedschappen en de verwijderbare delen moeten bestand zijn tegen de belastingen waaraan zij in en eventueel buiten bedrijf en in alle mogelijke desbetreffende configuraties worden onderworpen onder door de fabrikant voorziene installatie- en exploitatievoorwaarden, waarbij in voorkomend geval rekening wordt gehouden met de effecten van weerfactoren en door personen uitgeoefende krachten. Aan deze eis moet ook gedurende het vervoer, het monteren en het demonteren worden voldaan.
De machines en de hijs- en hefgereedschappen moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat er, rekening houdend met het gebruik, geen defecten ten gevolge van moeheid of slijtage optreden.
De keuze van de voor het werktuig gebruikte materialen moet zijn afgestemd op de door de fabrikant verwachte gebruiksomstandigheden, met name waar het gaat om corrosie, slijtage, schokken, brosheid bij lage temperaturen en veroudering.
De machine en de hijs- en hefgereedschappen moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat zij de overbelasting waaraan zij bij statische beproeving worden blootgesteld, zonder blijvende vervorming of kennelijk defect kunnen doorstaan. Bij de berekening moet gebruik worden gemaakt van de waarden van de statische beproevingscoëfficiënt, die zodanig wordt gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt heeft in het algemeen de volgende waarden:
a) met mankracht bediende machines en hijs- en hefgereedschappen: de proeflast is gelijk aan 1,5 maal de werklast;
b) andere machines: 1,25.
De machines moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat zij zonder defect de dynamische proeven, die worden verricht met de werklast vermenigvuldigd met de dynamische beproevingscoëfficiënt, kunnen doorstaan. Deze dynamische beproevingscoëfficiënt wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; hij bedraagt in het algemeen 1,1.
De dynamische proeven moeten worden uitgevoerd op de machine die gereed is onder normale gebruiksomstandigheden in gebruik te worden genomen. Deze proeven worden in het algemeen uitgevoerd met de door de fabrikant aangegeven nominale snelheden. Wanneer de stuurstroomkring van de machine meerdere gelijktijdige bewegingen toelaat (bijvoorbeeld draaien en verplaatsen van de last), moet de proef worden uitgevoerd onder de ongunstigste omstandigheden, hetgeen in het algemeen het geval is wanneer de bewegingen worden gecombineerd.
(EN) 4.1.2.4. Pulleys, drums, chains or ropes
Pulleys, drums and wheels must have a diameter commensurate with the size of rope or chains with which they can be fitted. Drums and wheels must be so designed, constructed and installed that the ropes or chains with which they are equipped can wind round without falling off.
Ropes used directly for lifting or supporting the load must not include any splicing other than at their ends (splicings are tolerated in installations which are intended from their design to be modified regularly according to needs of use). Complete ropes and their endings have a working coefficient chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; as a general rule, this coefficient is equal to five.
Lifting chains have a working coefficient chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; as a general rule, this coefficient is equal to four.
In order to verify that an adequate working coefficient has been attained, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must, for each type of chain and rope used directly for lifting the load, and for the rope ends, perform the appropriate tests or have such tests performed.
(PT) 4.1.2.4. Roldanas, tambores, correntes ou cabos
Os diâmetros das roldanas, tambores e rolos devem ser compatíveis com as dimensões dos cabos ou correntes com os quais possam estar equipados.
Os tambores e rolos devem ser concebidos, construídos e instalados de modo a que os cabos ou correntes com que estão equipados se possam enrolar sem abandonar lateralmente o alojamento previsto.
Os cabos utilizados directamente para elevação ou suporte da carga não devem apresentar qualquer empalme, excepto nas extremidades (os empalmes são tolerados nas instalações destinadas desde a sua concepção a serem periodicamente modificadas em função das necessidades de exploração). O coeficiente de utilização do conjunto cabo e terminação é escolhido de modo a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 5.
O coeficiente de utilização das correntes de elevação é escolhido de modo a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 4.
A fim de verificar se é atingido o coeficiente de utilização adequado, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve efectuar ou mandar efectuar os testes adequados para cada tipo de corrente e de cabo utilizado directamente para a elevação da carga e para cada tipo de terminação de cabo.
(NL) 4.1.2.4. Schijven, trommels, kettingen en kabels
De diameter van de schijven, trommels en rollen moet zijn afgestemd op de afmetingen van de kabels of kettingen waarmee zij kunnen worden uitgerust.
De trommels en schijven moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen, geconstrueerd en aangebracht dat de kabels of kettingen waarmee zij zijn uitgerust, kunnen worden opgewonden zonder dat zij er zijdelings aflopen.
De rechtstreeks lasten dragende kabels mogen alleen aan de uiteinden een splits hebben (splitsen zijn toegestaan in installaties die erop gebouwd zijn regelmatig aan andere gebruiksdoeleinden te worden aangepast). De gebruikscoëfficiënt van kabel en uiteinden wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adquaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 5.
De gebruikscoëfficiënt van de hijskettingen wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 4.
Om te verifiëren of de adequate gebruikscoëfficiënt wordt bereikt, moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde voor elk rechtstreeks voor het hijsen van de last gebruikte type ketting en kabel en voor elk type kabeluiteinde de passende proeven verrichten of laten verrichten.
(EN) 4.1.2.5. Separate lifting accessories
Lifting accessories must be sized with due regard to fatigue and ageing processes for a number of operating cycles consistent with their expected life-span as specified in the operating conditions for a given application.
Moreover:
(a) the working coefficient of the metallic rope/rope-end combination is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; this coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to five. Ropes must not comprise any splices or loops other than at their ends;
(b) where chains with welded links are used, they must be of the short-link type. The working coefficient of chains of any type is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; this coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to four;
(c) the working coefficient for textile ropes or slings is dependent on the material, method of manufacture, dimensions and use. This coefficient is chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; it is, as a general rule, equal to seven, provided the materials used are shown to be of very good quality and the method of manufacture is appropriate to the intended use.
Should this not be the case, the coefficient is, as a general rule, set at a higher level in order to secure an equivalent level of safety.
Textile ropes and slings must not include any knots, connections or splicing other than at the ends of the sling, except in the case of an endless sling;
(d) all metallic components making up, or used with, a sling must have a working coefficient chosen so as to guarantee an adequate level of safety; this coefficient is, as a general rule, equal to four;
(e) the maximum working capacity of a multilegged sling is determined on the basis of the safety
coefficient of the weakest leg, the number of legs and a reduction factor which depends on the slinging configuration;
(f) in order to verify that an adequate working coefficient has been attained, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must, for each type of component reffered to in (a), (b), (c) and (d) perform the appropriate tests or have such tests performed.
(PT) 4.1.2.5. Acessórios de lingagem
Os acessórios de lingagem devem ser dimensionados tendo em conta os fenómenos de fadiga e de envelhecimento que decorrem de um certo número de ciclos de funcionamento, dependendo do tempo de vida previsto nas condições de serviço especificadas para a aplicação prevista.
Além disso:
a) O coeficiente de utilização do conjunto cabo metálico e terminação é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 5. Os cabos não devem ter nenhum empalme ou sapata além dos das extremidades;
b) Quando forem utilizadas correntes de elos soldados, estas devem ser do tipo de elos curtos. O coeficiente de utilização das correntes, qualquer que seja o seu tipo, é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 4;
c) O coeficiente de utilização dos cabos ou correias de fibras têxteis depende do material, do processo de fabrico, das dimensões e da utilização. Este coeficiente é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 7, com a condição de que os materiais utilizados sejam de muito boa qualidade controlada e que o processo de fabrico seja apropriado às condições de utilização previstas. No caso contrário, é, regra geral, mais elevado, a fim de proporcionar um nível de segurança equivalente.
Os cabos ou correias de fibras têxteis não devem ter qualquer nó, empalme ou ligação além dos das extremidades da lingagem ou do fecho de um cabo de lingagem sem fim;
d) O coeficiente de utilização de todos os componentes metálicos de uma linga, ou utilizados com uma linga, é escolhido de forma a garantir um nível de segurança adequado; este coeficiente é, regra geral, igual a 4;
e) A capacidade máxima de utilização de um cabo de lingagem de fios múltiplos é determinada tendo em conta a capacidade máxima de utilização do fio mais fraco, o número de fios e um factor minorante que depende do modo de lingagem;
f) A fim de verificar se o coeficiente de utilização adequado é atingido, o fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, deve efectuar ou mandar efectuar os testes adequados para cada tipo de componente a que se referem as alíneas a), b), c) e d).
(NL) 4.1.2.5. Hijs- of hefhulpstukken
Bij de bemeting van de hijs- of hefhulpstukken moet rekening zijn gehouden met moeheids- en verouderingsverschijnselen over een met de beoogde levensduur overeenkomend aantal bedrijfscycli onder de bedrijfsomstandigheden die voor de aangegeven toepassing zijn gespecificeerd.
Bovendien geldt het volgende:
a) de gebruikscoëfficiënt van het geheel van metalen kabel en kabeluiteinden moet zodanig worden gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 5. De kabels mogen alleen aan de uiteinden een splits of lus hebben;
b) wanneer kettingen van gelaste schalmen worden gebruikt, moeten deze van het type met korte schalmen zijn. De gebruikscoëfficiënt van de kettingen wordt ongeacht het type zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 4;
c) de gebruikscoëfficiënt van kabels of banden van textielvezel hangt af van het materiaal, de wijze van vervaardiging, de afmetingen en het gebruik. De coëfficiënt moet zodanig worden gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 7, op voorwaarde dat de gebruikte materialen van een zeer goede, gecontroleerde kwaliteit zijn en dat de wijze van vervaardiging geschikt is voor de beoogde gebruiksomstandigheden.
Indien zulks niet het geval is, heeft de coëfficiënt in het algemeen een hogere waarde om een gelijkwaardig veiligheidsniveau te bieden.
Kabels of banden van textielvezel mogen geen knopen, splitsen of verbindingen hebben,
behalve dan aan het uiteinde van de strop of aan de verbinding van een strop zonder einde;
d) de gebruikscoëfficiënt van alle metalen delen van een strop, of de in combinatie met een strop gebruikte metalen delen, wordt zodanig gekozen dat een adequaat veiligheidsniveau is
gewaarborgd; deze coëfficiënt bedraagt in het algemeen 4;
e) het maximumdraagvermogen van een meerwegstrop wordt berekend op basis van het maximumdraagvermogen van de zwakste draad, het aantal draden en een verminderingsfactor die afhangt van de wijze waarop de strop wordt gebruikt;
f) om te verifiëren of de adequate gebruikscoëfficiënt wordt bereikt, moet de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde voor elk van de onder a), b), c) en d) genoemde typen onderdelen de passende proeven verrichten of laten verrichten.
(EN) 4.1.2.6. Control of movements
Devices for controlling movements must act in such a way that the machinery on which they are installed is kept safe:
(a) machinery must be so designed or fitted with devices that the amplitude of movement of its components is kept within the specified limits. The operation of such devices must, where appropriate, be preceded by a warning;
(b) where several fixed or rail-mounted machines can be manoeuvred simultaneously in the same place, with risks of collision, such machines must be so designed and constructed as to make it possible to fit systems enabling these risks to be avoided;
(c) the mechanisms of machinery must be so designed and constructed that the loads cannot creep dangerously or fall freely and unexpectedly, even in the event of partial or total failure of the power supply or when the operator stops operating the machine;
(d) it must not be possible, under normal operating conditions, to lower the load solely by friction brake, except in the case of machinery whose function requires it to operate in that way;
(e) holding devices must be so designed and constructed that inadvertent dropping of the loads is avoided.
(PT) 4.1.2.6. Controlo dos movimentos
Os dispositivos de controlo dos movimentos devem actuar de forma a conservar a máquina sobre a qual estão instalados numa situação de segurança:
a) As máquinas devem ser concebidas ou equipadas com dispositivos que mantenham a amplitude dos movimentos dos seus elementos dentro dos limites previstos. O funcionamento destes dispositivos deve, se for caso disso, ser precedido de um aviso;
b) Quando várias máquinas fixas ou instaladas sobre carris puderem evoluir simultaneamente, com riscos de choque, as referidas máquinas devem ser concebidas e fabricadas de modo a poderem ser equipadas com sistemas que permitam evitar tais riscos;
c) Os mecanismos das máquinas devem ser concebidos e construídos de modo a que as cargas não possam deslocar-se de forma perigosa ou cair intempestivamente em queda livre, em caso de falta parcial ou total de energia ou quando cessar a acção do operador;
d) Excepto para as máquinas cujo trabalho exija tal aplicação, não deve ser possível, nas condições normais de funcionamento, descer a carga apenas sob o controlo de um freio de atrito;
e) Os órgãos de preensão devem ser concebidos e construídos de modo a evitarem a queda intempestiva das cargas.
(NL) 4.1.2.6. Beheersing van de bewegingen
De inrichtingen voor het beheersen van de bewegingen dienen zodanig te werken dat de machine waarop zij zijn aangebracht, veilig blijft.
a) De machines moeten zodanig zijn ontworpen of zijn uitgerust met inrichtingen dat de amplitude van de bewegingen van hun componenten binnen de daarvoor vastgestelde grenzen blijft. Een waarschuwingssignaal moet in voorkomend geval aankondigen dat die inrichtingen in werking treden.
b) Wanneer meerdere vaste of op rails voortbewogen machines tegelijkertijd bewegingen kunnen uitvoeren waarbij kans op botsingen bestaat, moeten zij zodanig zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat zij kunnen worden uitgerust met systemen waarmee dit gevaar kan worden vermeden.
c) De mechanismen van de machines moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat de lasten niet op gevaarlijke wijze uit hun baan of onverwachts in een vrije val kunnen geraken, wanneer de krachtbron geheel of gedeeltelijk uitvalt of wanneer de bediener de bediening stopzet.
d) Behoudens bij machines waarvan het werk een dergelijke toepassing nodig maakt, mag het niet mogelijk zijn onder normale bedrijfsomstandigheden de last uitsluitend met gebruikmaking van de frictierem te laten zakken.
e) De grijporganen moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat een onverwacht vallen van de last wordt vermeden.
(EN) 4.1.2.7. Handling of loads
The driving position of machinery must be located in such a way as to ensure the widest possible view of trajectories of the moving parts, in order to avoid possible collisions with persons or equipment or other machinery which might be manoeuvring at the same time and liable to constitute a hazard.
Machinery with guided loads fixed in one place must be designed and constructed so as to prevent exposed persons from being hit by the load or the counter-weights.
(PT) 4.1.2.7. Riscos devidos às cargas movimentadas
A implantação do posto de condução das máquinas deve permitir vigiar o melhor possível as trajectórias dos elementos em movimento para evitar os possíveis embates com pessoas ou materiais ou com outras máquinas que possam encontrar-se simultaneamente em movimento e susceptíveis de representarem um perigo.
As máquinas de carga guiada instaladas de modo fixo devem ser concebidas e construídas de modo a evitar que as pessoas expostas sejam atingidas pela carga ou pelos contrapesos.
(NL) 4.1.2.7. Gevaren bij de behandeling van lasten
De bedieningspost van de machines moet zich op een plaats bevinden waar het zicht op de baan van de bewegende delen zo goed mogelijk is om mogelijk gevaar opleverende botsingen met personen of materieel of andere machines die tegelijkertijd kunnen bewegen, te voorkomen.
Niet-mobiele machines met geleide last moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat wordt voorkomen dat personen de kans lopen door de last of door het contragewicht te worden geraakt.
(EN) 4.1.2.8. Lightning
Machinery in need of protection against the effects of lightning while being used must be fitted with a system for conducting the resultant electrical charges to earth.
(PT) 4.1.2.8. Riscos devidos a raios
As máquinas que possam estar expostas aos efeitos dos raios durante a sua utilização devem ser equipadas de modo a escoar para o solo as cargas eléctricas resultantes.
(NL) 4.1.2.8. Gevaar door blikseminslag
Wanneer tijdens het gebruik van de machines kans op blikseminslag bestaat, moeten zij zodanige voorzieningen hebben dat de door de bliksem veroorzaakte elektrische ladingen naar de grond worden afgevoerd.
4.2. Special requirements for machinery whose power source is other than manual effort / Exigências específicas para os aparelhos movidos por uma energia diferente da força humana / Bijzondere voorschriften voor andere dan handgedreven werktuigen
4.2.1. Controls / Comandos / Bedieningsorganen
(EN) 4.2.1.1. Driving position
The requirements laid down in section 3.2.1 also apply to non-mobile machinery
(PT) 4.2.1.1. Posto de comando
Os requisitos previstos no ponto 3.2.1 aplicam-se igualmente às máquinas não móveis
(NL) 4.2.1.1. Bedieningspost
De voorschriften van punt 3.2.1 zijn tevens van toepassing op niet-mobiele machines.
(EN) 4.2.1.2. Seating
The requirements laid down in section 3.2.2, first and second paragraphs, and those laid down in section 3.2.3 also apply to non-mobile machinery.
(PT) 4.2.1.2. Banco
Os requisitos previstos no primeiro e segundo parágrafos do ponto 3.2.2, assim como no ponto 3.2.3, aplicam-se igualmente às máquinas não móveis.
(NL) 4.2.1.2. Zitplaats
De voorschriften van punt 3.2.2, eerste en tweede alinea, alsmede van punt 3.2.3, zijn tevens van toepassing op niet-mobiele machines.
(EN) 4.2.1.3. Control devices
The devices controlling movements of the machinery or its equipment must return to their neutral position as soon as they are released by the operator. However, for partial or complete movements in which there is no risk of the load or the machinery colliding, the said devices may be replaced by controls authorising automatic stops at preselected levels without holding a hold-to-run control device.
(PT) 4.2.1.3. Órgãos de comando dos movimentos
Os órgãos de comando dos movimentos da máquina ou dos seus equipamentos devem regressar à posição neutra logo que cesse a acção do operador. Porém, no que se refere aos movimentos, parciais ou totais, em relação aos quais não há riscos de choque com a carga ou com a máquina, esses órgãos podem ser substituídos por órgãos de comando que permitam movimentos com paragens automáticas a níveis pré-seleccionados sem manutenção da acção do operador.
(NL) 4.2.1.3. Organen waarmee de bewegingen worden bestuurd
De bedieningsorganen waarmee de bewegingen van de machine of de uitrusting daarvan worden bestuurd, moeten in de neutrale stand terugkeren zodra de bediener ze loslaat. Voor bewegingen van het gehele werktuig of een deel daarvan waarbij geen gevaar bestaat dat de last of de machine ergens tegenaan stoot, kunnen bovengenoemde organen worden vervangen door bedieningsorganen die bewegingen toelaten met automatische stilstand op van tevoren ingestelde niveaus, zonder dat de bediener de bedieningsorganen ingeschakeld houdt.
(EN) 4.2.1.4. Loading control
Machinery with a maximum working load of not less than 1 000 kilograms or an overturning moment of not less than 40 000 Nm must be fitted with devices to warn the driver and prevent dangerous movements of the load in the event of:
— overloading the machinery:
— either as a result of maximum working loads being exceeded, or
— as a result of the moments due to the loads being exceeded,
— the moments conducive to overturning being exceeded as a result of the load being lifted.
(PT) 4.2.1.4. Controlo das solicitações
As máquinas cuja carga máxima de utilização seja pelo menos igual a 1 000 kg ou cujo momento de derrube seja pelo menos igual a 40 000 Nm devem ser equipadas com dispositivos que advirtam o condutor e impeçam movimentos perigosos da carga em questão:
— de sobrecarga das máquinas:
— quer por serem excedidas as cargas máximas de utilização,
— quer por serem excedidos os momentos devidos a essas cargas;
— de serem excedidos os momentos tendentes ao derrube, nomeadamente devido à carga
levantada.
(NL) 4.2.1.4. Belastingsbegrenzing
De machines waarvan de werklast ten minste 1 000 kg of het kantelmoment ten minste
40 000 Nm bedraagt, moeten zijn uitgerust met inrichtingen die de bestuurder waarschuwen en gevaarlijke bewegingen van de last voorkomen in geval van:
— overbelasting van de machines door:
— een te zware werklast, of
— een te groot moment als gevolg van deze last;
— overschrijding van de momenten die naar kanteling streven bij het hijsen of heffen van een last.
(EN) 4.2.2. Installation guided by cables
Cable carriers, tractors or tractor carriers must be held by counter-weights or by a device allowing permanent control of the tension.
(PT) 4.2.2. Instalação guiada por cabos
Os cabos portadores, tractores ou portadores-tractores devem ser esticados por contrapesos ou por um dispositivo que permita controlar permanentemente a tensão.
(NL) 4.2.2. Door kabels geleide installatie
De draag-, trek- of draag-trekkabels moeten worden gespannen door een contragewicht of door een inrichting waarmee de spanning permanent kan worden geregeld.
(EN) 4.2.3. Risks to exposed persons. Means of access to driving position and intervention points
Machinery with guided loads and machinery whose load supports follow a clearly defined path must be equipped with devices to prevent any risks to exposed persons.
Machinery serving specific levels at which operators can gain access to the load platform in order to stack or secure the load must be designed and constructed to prevent uncontrolled movement of the load platform, in particular while being loaded or unloaded.
(PT) 4.2.3. Riscos para as pessoas expostas. Meios de acesso ao posto de trabalho ou aos pontos de intervenção
As máquinas de carga guiada e as máquinas em que os suportes da carga sigam um percurso bem definido devem estar equipadas com dispositivos que evitem os riscos para as pessoas expostas.
As máquinas que sirvam níveis definidos e em cujo suporte de carga possam penetrar operadores para dispor ou arrimar a carga devem ser concebidas e construídas de modo a evitar qualquer deslocação não controlada do suporte da carga, nomeadamente, quando se procede ao seu carregamento ou descarregamento.
(NL) 4.2.3. Gevaren voor de blootgestelde personen. Toegangen tot de werkplek of tot plaatsen waar moet worden gewerkt
Machines met geleide last en machines waarvoor de ondersteuningen van de last een welbepaalde baan volgen, moeten zijn uitgerust met inrichtingen die gevaren voor de blootgestelde personen voorkomen.
Machines die bepaalde stopplaatsen bedienen en waarvan bedieners het hefvlak kunnen betreden om de last te schikken of vast te zetten, moeten zo zijn ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat een ongecontroleerde verplaatsing van het hefvlak, met name bij het laden of het lossen, wordt voorkomen.
(EN) 4.2.4. Fitness for purpose
When machinery is placed on the market or is first put into service, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community must ensure, by taking appropriate measures or having them taken, that lifting accessories and machinery which are ready for use — whether manually or power-operated — can fulfil their specified functions safely. The said measures must take into account the static and dynamic aspects of the machinery.
Where the machinery cannot be assembled in the manufacturer’s premises, or in the premises of his authorised representative established within the Community, appropriate measures must be taken at the place of use. Otherwise, the measures may be taken either in the manufacturer’s premises or at the place of use.
(PT) 4.2.4. Aptidão para o emprego
O fabricante, ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, certificar-se-á na ocasião da colocação no mercado ou da primeira colocação em serviço, por meio de medidas adequadas que tome ou mande tomar, de que os acessórios de elevação e as máquinas prontos para serem utilizados, quer sejam de operação manual ou de operação motorizada, podem executar as funções previstas com toda a segurança. As referidas medidas devem levar em conta os aspectos estáticos e dinâmicos das máquinas.
Quando as máquinas não possam ser montadas nas instalações do fabricante, ou do seu
mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade, as medidas adequadas devem ser tomadas no local de utilização. Caso contrário, podem ser tomadas quer nas instalações do fabricante quer no local de utilização.
(NL) 4.2.4. Geschiktheid voor gebruik
De fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde gaat bij het in de handel brengen of tijdens de eerste inbedrijfstelling met passende maatregelen die hij verricht of laat verrichten, na of de hijs- of hefgereedschappen en de gebruiksklare machines, zowel handbediende als gemotoriseerde, hun opgegeven functies volledig veilig kunnen verrichten. Bij die maatregelen moeten de
statische en dynamische aspecten van de machines in aanmerking worden genomen.
Wanneer de machines niet in de ruimten van de fabrikant of van zijn in de Gemeenschap
gevestigde gemachtigde kunnen worden gemonteerd, moeten de passende maatregelen worden getroffen op de plaats van gebruik. In het tegengestelde geval, kunnen zij worden getroffen hetzij in de ruimten van de fabrikant hetzij op de plaats van gebruik.
4.3. Marking / Marcação / Merktekens
(EN) 4.3.1. Chains and ropes
Each length of lifting chain, rope or webbing not forming part of an assembly must bear a mark or, where this is not possible, a plate or irremovable ring bearing the name and address of the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community and the identifying reference of the relevant certificate.
The certificate should show the information required by the harmonised standards or, should those not exist, at least the following information:
— the name of the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community,
— the address within the Community of the manufacturer or his authorised representative, as appropriate,
— a description of the chain or rope which includes:
— its nominal size,
— its construction,
— the material from which it is made, and
— any special metallurgical treatment applied to the material,
— if tested, the standard used,
— a maximum load to which the chain or rope should be subjected in service. A range of values may be given for specified applications.
(PT) 4.3.1. Correntes e cabos
Cada porção de corrente, cabo ou correia de elevação que não faça parte de um conjunto deve ostentar uma marca, ou, quando tal não for possível, uma placa ou anel inamovível com referências sobre o fabricante ou o seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade e com a identificação do respectivo certificado.
O certificado deve conter as indicações prescritas pelas normas harmonizadas, ou, na sua falta, as indicações mínimas seguintes:
— o nome do fabricante ou do seu mandatário estabelecido na Comunidade,
— o endereço na Comunidade do fabricante ou do seu mandatário, conforme o caso,
— uma descrição da corrente ou do cabo, incluindo:
— as suas dimensões nominais,
— a sua construção,
— o material de fabrico,
— qualquer tratamento metalúrgico especial a que o material tenha sido submetido,
— em caso de ensaio, a indicação da norma utilizada,
— a carga máxima a suportar em serviço pela corrente ou cabo. Pode ser indicada uma escala de valores em função das aplicações previstas.
(NL) 4.3.1. Kettingen en kabels
Iedere complete hijsketting, -kabel of -band die geen deel uitmaakt van een geheel, moet voorzien zijn van een merkteken, of indien dit niet mogelijk is, van een plaatje of een niet-verwijderbare ring waarop de gegevens van de fabrikant of zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde vermeld staan, alsmede de identificatie van de desbetreffende verklaring. De verklaring moet de volgens de geharmoniseerde normen vereiste gegevens bevatten, of de volgende minimumgegevens, indien genoemde normen ontbreken:
— de naam van de fabrikant of van zijn in de Gemeenschap gevestigde gemachtigde;
— het adres in de Gemeenschap van de fabrikant of gemachtigde, naar gelang van het geval;
— een beschrijving van de ketting of de kabel met vermelding van:
— de nominale afmetingen,
— de constructie,
— het fabricagemateriaal,
— speciale metallurgische behandelingen van het materiaal;
— in geval van een test, de toegepaste norm;
— de hoogste bedrijfsbelasting van de ketting of de kabel. Naar gelang van de beoogde
toepassingen kan een reeks van waarden worden aangegeven.
(EN) 4.3.2. Lifting accessories
All lifting accessories must show the following particulars:
— identification of the manufacturer,
— identification of the material (e.g. international classification) where this information is needed for dimensional compatibility,
— identification of the maximum working load,
— CE marking.
In the case of accessories including components such as cables or ropes, on which marking is physically impossible, the particulars referred to in the first paragraph must be displayed on a plate or by some other means and securely affixed to the accessory. The particulars must be legible and located in a place where they are not liable to disappear as a result of machining, wear, etc., or jeopardise the strength of the accessory.
(PT) 4.3.2. Acessórios de elevação
Cada acessório de elevação deve ostentar as seguintes marcas:
— identificação do fabricante,
— identificação dos materiais (por exemplo, classe internacional), quando essa informação for necessária para a compatibilidade dimensional,
— identificação da carga máxima de utilização,
— marcação «CE».
Para os acessórios de lingagem que incluam componentes tais como cabos e cordas cuja marcação seja materialmente impossível, as informações referidas no primeiro parágrafo devem ser fornecidas numa placa ou por outros meios solidamente fixados ao acessório. Estas indicações devem ser legíveis e colocadas num local tal que não corram o risco de desaparecer por maquinagem, desgaste, etc., ou de comprometer a resistência do acessório.
(NL) 4.3.2. Hijs- en hefgereedschappen
Op ieder hijs- en hefgereedschap moeten de volgende merktekens zijn aangebracht:
— identificatie van de fabrikant;
— identificatie van het materiaal (bijvoorbeeld: internationale klasse) wanneer deze informatie nodig is met het oog op de verenigbaarheid van de afmetingen;
— identificatie van de werklast;
— de CE-markering.
Voor hijs- of hefhulpstukken die componenten omvatten als kabels of touwwerk waarop het aanbrengen van een merkteken materieel onmogelijk is, moeten de in de eerste alinea bedoelde gegevens vermeld worden op een plaat of met andere stevig op het gereedschap bevestigde middelen.
Deze gegevens moeten leesbaar zijn en op een zodanige plaats zijn aangebracht dat er geen gevaar bestaat dat zij door bewerkingen, slijtage enz. verdwijnen of dat de sterkte van het gereedschap erdoor wordt aangetast.
(EN) 4.3.3. Machinery
In addition to the minimum information provided for in 1.7.3, each machine must bear, legibly and indelibly, information concerning the nominal load:
(i) displayed in uncoded form and prominently on the equipment in the case of machinery which has only one possible value;
(ii) where the nominal load depends on the configuration of the machine, each driving position must be provided with a load plate indicating, preferably in diagrammatic form or by means of tables, the nominal loads for each configuration.
Machinery equipped with a load support which allows access to persons and involves a risk of falling must bear a clear and indelible warning prohibiting the lifting of persons. This warning must be visible at each place where access is possible.
(PT) 4.3.3. Máquinas
Cada máquina deve ostentar, de modo legível e durável, para além das indicações mínimas referidas no ponto 1.7.3, indicações relativas à carga nominal:
i) Indicada claramente, de forma bem visível sobre o aparelho, para as máquinas que só tenham um valor possível;
ii) Quando a carga nominal depender da configuração da máquina, cada posto de condução deve estar equipado com uma placa de cargas que indique, sob a forma de esquemas, e, eventualmente, de quadros, as cargas nominais para cada configuração.
As máquinas equipadas com um suporte de carga cujas dimensões permitam o acesso de pessoas e cuja deslocação envolva o risco de queda devem ostentar uma indicação clara e indelével proibindo a elevação de pessoas. Esta indicação deve ser visível em todos os locais que permitam o acesso.
(NL) 4.3.3. Machines
Op elke machine moeten behalve de in punt 1.7.3 voorgeschreven gegevens de volgende gegevens over de nominale last onuitwisbaar en goed leesbaar vermeld staan:
i) bij machines waarvoor maar één waarde kan worden vermeld, moet deze ongecodeerd en op het werktuig goed zichtbaar staan aangegeven;
ii) wanneer de nominale last afhangt van de configuratie van de machine, moet elke bedieningspost voorzien zijn van een plaatje dat in tabelvorm of schetsmatig de werklast voor elke configuratie vermeldt.
Op machines die zijn uitgerust met een hefvlak dat door zijn afmetingen toegankelijk is voor personen, en waarvan de vlucht het risico van vallen inhoudt, moet duidelijk en onuitwisbaar vermeld staan dat het heffen van personen verboden is. Deze vermelding moet duidelijk zichtbaar zijn aangebracht op alle plaatsen die toegang bieden.
4.4. Instruction handbook / Manual de instruções / Gebruiksaanwijzing
(EN) 4.4.1. Lifting accessories
Each lifting accessory or each commercially indivisible batch of lifting accessories must be accompanied with an instruction handbook setting out at least the following particulars:
— normal conditions of use,
— instructions for use, assembly and maintenance,
— the limits of use (particularly for the accessories which cannot comply with 4.1.2.6(e)).
(PT) 4.4.1. Acessórios de elevação
Cada acessório de elevação ou cada lote comercialmente indivisível de acessórios de elevação deve ser acompanhado de um manual de instruções que dê, no mínimo, as seguintes indicações:
— condições normais de utilização,
— instruções de utilização, montagem e manutenção,
— limites de emprego, nomeadamente no que diz respeito aos acessórios que não possam
satisfazer a alínea e) do ponto 4.1.2.6.
(NL) 4.4.1. Hijs- en hefgereedschappen
Ieder hijs- en hefgereedschap of iedere commercieel ondeelbare partij hijs- of hefgereedschappen moet vergezeld gaan van een gebruiksaanwijzing die ten minste de volgende gegevens bevat:
— de normale gebruiksvoorwaarden;
— aanwijzingen voor gebruik, montage en onderhoud;
— de bruikbaarheidsgrenzen, met name voor gereedschappen die niet aan punt 4.1.2.6, onder e), kunnen voldoen.
(EN) 4.4.2. Machinery
In addition to section 1.7.4, the instruction handbook must include the following information:
(a) the technical characteristics of the machinery, and in particular:
— where appropriate, a copy of the load table described in section 4.3.3(ii),
— the reactions at the supports or anchors and characteristics of the tracks,
— where appropriate, the definition and the means of installation of the ballast;
(b) the contents of the logbook, if the latter is not supplied with the machinery;
(c) advice for use, particularly to offset the lack of direct sight of the load by the operator;
(d) the necessary instructions for performing the tests before first putting into service machinery which is not assembled on the manufacturer’s premises in the form in which it is to be used.
(PT) 4.4.2. Máquinas
Em complemento do ponto 1.7.4, o manual de instruções deve incluir indicações relativas:
a) Às características técnicas, nomeadamente:
— se for caso disso, uma repetição do quadro de cargas definido na alínea ii) do ponto 4.3.3,
— as reacções nos apoios e nas fixações e as características das vias,
— se for caso disso, a definição e os meios de instalação dos lastros;
b) Ao conteúdo do livrete de acompanhamento da máquina, se não for fornecido com a
máquina;
c) Aos conselhos de utilização, nomeadamente para remediar as insuficiências de visão directa da carga pelo operador;
d) Às instruções necessárias para efectuar as provas antes da primeira colocação em serviço das máquinas que não sejam montadas nas instalações do fabricante, na sua configuração de utilização.
(NL) 4.4.2. Machines
Naast het in punt 1.7.4 genoemde moet de gebruiksaanwijzing gegevens bevatten omtrent:
a) de technische kenmerken, met name:
— zo nodig een herhaling van de tabel van de in punt 4.3.3, onder ii), aangegeven lasten,
— de op steun- en bevestigingspunten uitgeoefende krachten en de kenmerken van de
banen,
— zo nodig een omschrijving van de ballast en de manieren om deze aan te brengen;
b) de inhoud van het onderhoudsboekje voor de machine, indien dit niet bij de machine wordt meegeleverd;
c) de werkwijze die moet worden gevolgd indien het rechtstreeks zicht dat de bediener op de last heeft, niet toereikend is;
d) de nodige instructies voor het verrichten van de proeven vóór de eerste inbedrijfstelling van machines die niet gebruiksklaar bij de fabrikant worden gemonteerd.
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